MODELS IN HYDRAULIC

ENGINEERING

By:
WINFRED G. LIWANAG II
ARVIE JAKE FERNANDEZ
KEIZER JOHN L. CIMATU
JEANROSE ROLDAN
APRIL OLPOT
SCALE FACTORS FROM FROUDE LAW OF
SIMILARITY
PARAMETERS SCALE FACTOR
Velocity 1/2
𝑀𝑣 = 𝑀𝑙
Volume 𝑀𝑉 = 𝑀𝑙3
Time 1/2
𝑀𝑡 = 𝑀𝑙
Force 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑙3 = 𝑀𝑙3
Pressure (Intensity) 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑙 = 𝑀𝑙
Area 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝑙2
Mass 𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑙3 = 𝑀𝑙3
Discharge 5/2
𝑀𝑄 = 𝑀𝑙
Specific Discharge 3/2
𝑀𝑞 = 𝑀𝑙
Energy 𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑙4 = 𝑀𝑙4
Momentum 7/2 7/2
𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑙 = 𝑀𝑙
 Sample Problem No. 1
A spillway model is to be built to a scale of 1:25 across
a flume that is 2 ft wide. The prototype is 37.5 ft high, and the
maximum head expected is 5.0 ft.
(a) What height of model and what head on model should be
used?
(b) If the flow over the model at 0.20 ft head is 0.70 cfs, what
flow per ft of prototype can be expected?
(c) If the model shows a measured hydraulic jump of 1.0 in,
how high is the jump in the prototype?
(d) If the energy dissipated in the model at the hydraulic jump
is 0.15 horsepower, what would be the energy dissipation
in the prototype?
 Solution :
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 1
(a) Since = , ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 = × 37.5 = 1.5𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 25 25
1
and ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 = × 5.0 = 0.20𝑓𝑡
25

5/2
b) Since gravity forces predominate; then we use 𝑄𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟
𝑄𝑀 5/2
= 𝐿𝑟
𝑄𝑃
Therefore:
𝑄𝑀 0.70
𝑄𝑃 = 5/2 = 5 = 2188𝑐𝑓𝑠
𝐿𝑟 (1ൗ25)2
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
2188
2 × 25 𝑜𝑟 50𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 =
50
= 43.8𝑐𝑓𝑠
 Solution contd’
ℎ𝑚 ℎ𝑚 1.0
c) ℎ𝑝
= 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑝 =
𝐿𝑟
= 1Τ = 25 𝑖𝑛 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝)
25

𝐹𝐿 𝛾𝑟 𝐿3𝑟 𝐿𝑟
d) Power ratio 𝑃𝑟 = (𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐)𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 = .
𝑇𝑟 𝐿𝑟
ൗ𝑔𝑟

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑔𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑟 = 1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑃𝑚 7/2 1 7 7/2
7
= 𝐿𝑟 = ( )2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃𝑚 (25) = (0.15)(25)2 = 11,700ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑝 25
 Sample Problem No. 2
A model of a reservoir is drained in 4min by opening a
sluice gate. The model scale is 1:225. How long should it
take to empty the prototype?
Solution:
Since gravity is dominant force, the Q ratio is equal to 𝑄𝑟 =
5/2
𝐿𝑟 .

𝑄𝑚 𝐿3𝑚 𝑇𝑚 5/2 𝑇𝑝
Also, 𝑄𝑟 = = ÷ . 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿3𝑟 × =
𝑄𝑝 𝐿3𝑝 𝑇𝑝 𝑇𝑚
𝑇𝑚 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑝 = 1/2
= 4(225)2 = 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝐿𝑟
 Sample Problem No. 3
A rectangular pier in a river is 1.22m wide by
3.66m long, and the average depth of water is
2.74m. A model is built to a scale of 1:16. A velocity
of flow of 0.76m/s is maintained in the model, and
the force acting on the model is 4.0N
(a)What are the values of velocity in a force on the
prototype?
(b)If a standing wave in the model is 0.049m high,
what height of wave should be expected at the
nose of the pier?
(c) What is the coefficient of drag resistance?
 Solution:
a) Since gravity forces predominate, we obtain
𝑉𝑚 0.76
= 𝐿𝑟 and 𝑉𝑝 = 1 = 3.04𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝
(1Τ16)2
𝐹𝑚 4.0
Also, = 𝛾𝑟 𝐿3𝑟 and 𝐹𝑝 = = 16.4𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝑝 1.0 (1Τ16)3

𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚 3.04
b) Since = , ℎ𝑝 = 0.049 ×
𝑉𝑝 𝐿𝑝 0.76
and ℎ𝑝 = 0.784𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡.
𝑉2 1.22 2.74 0.762
c) 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝐴 ,
2
4.0 = 𝐶𝐷 (1000)(
16
×
16
)(
2
), and
𝐶𝐷 = 1.06
Had the prototype values been used for this calculation, we would
have the following:
3.042
16.4 1000 = 𝐶𝐷 1000 1.22 × 2.74 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐷 = 1.06
2
 Sample Problem No. 4
The measured resistance in fresh water
of an 8-ft ship model moving at 6.50ft/sec was
9.06lb.
(a)What would be the velocity of the 128-ft
prototype?
(b)What force would be required to drive the
prototype at this speed in salt water?
 Solution:
(a) Since gravity forces predominate, we obtain

𝑉𝑚 8ൗ 6.50
= 𝐿𝑟 = 128 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑝 = 1 1ൗ = 26.0𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑝 ( ൗ16) 2

𝐹𝑚 9.60
(b) = 𝛾𝑟 𝐿3𝑟 and 𝐹𝑝 = = 40,330𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑝 62.4/64.0 (1Τ16)3

This latter value can be obtained by using drag formula:

𝑉2
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝐴
2
62.4 𝐴 𝐶𝑓 𝐴 (9.6)(16)2
For model, 9.60 = 𝐶𝑓 ( )( 2)(6.50)2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (1)
2𝑔 16 2𝑔 62.4(6.50)2
64.0 𝐶𝑓 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
For prototype, force = 𝐶𝑓 𝐴 26.02 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (2)
2𝑔 2𝑔 (64.0)(6.50)2
 Solution contd’

Equating (1) and (2) since the value of Cf is

the same for the model and prototype, we obtain

(9.6)(16)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
2
= 2
,
62.4(6.50) (64.0)(6.50)
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 40,330𝑙𝑏, 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
 Sample Problem No. 5
A surface vessel 156 m long is to move at the
rate of 6.83 m/s. At what velocity should a
geometrically similar model 2.44 m long be tested?

Solution:
2.44 1/2
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑝 × ( )
156

2.44 1
𝑉𝑚 = 6.83 × ( )2 = 0.854𝑚/𝑠
156