FOUR STROKE PETROL

ENGINES
FOUR STROKE DIESEL
ENGINES
 Internal Combustion Engines
– four stroke -

Advantages:
•dedicated lubrication system makes to
engine more wear resistant
•better efficiency that 2-stroke engine
•no oil in the fuel – less pollution

Drawbacks:
•complicated constriction
•should work in horizontal position
due to lubrication
Two STROKE PETROL
ENGINES
 Internal Combustion Engines
– two stroke -

Advantages:
➢lack of valves, which simplifies construction
and lowers weight
➢fire once every revolution, which gives a
significant power boost
➢can work in any orientation
➢good power to weight ratio

Drawbacks:
➢ lack of a dedicated lubrication system
makes the engine to wear faster.
➢ necessity of oil addition into the fuel
➢ low efficiency
➢ produce a lot of pollution
Valve timing diagram
A valve timing diagram is a representation of the positions of the crank
when the various operations as inlet valve opening, closing, exhaust valve
opening and closing and also the beginning and end of various strokes

Valve overlap is the period during the valve timing where both the
intake and exhaust valves are open.

Port timing diagram: The diagram which shows the position of crank at
which the above ports are open and close are called as port timing
diagram.
Indicator diagram: Indicator diagram is the graphical description of pressure and
volume variations occurring inside cylinder. An indicator diagram for a four-stroke
internal combustion engine is shown in Fig along with the four different processes.
What is pre-ignition (premature combustion)?
The definition of pre-ignition is the ignition of the fuel/air charge prior to the spark
plug firing. Pre-ignition caused by some other ignition source such as an overheated
spark plug tip, carbon deposits in the combustion chamber and, rarely, a burned
exhaust valve; all act as a glow plug to ignite the charge.

Detonation (Knocking)
Knocking in CI Engines: A very high rate of pressure rise due to auto-ignition of fuel
accumulated during long delay period in CI engines amounts to a direct blow on piston
producing diesel knock
Knocking in SI engines: it is the auto-ignition of end gas due to its smaller delay
period, which produces opposite pressure wave to the normal pressure rise due to
spark, resulting in detonation
Fuel rating
Octane number
SI engine fuels are characterized in respect to its‟ resistance to abnormal
combustion by its‟ rating in terms of “Octane number”. Octane number of fuel is
determined by comparing the combustion performance of actual fuel with that of
reference fuel. Octane number is defined as the percentage by volume of iso-octane
in a mixture of iso-octane (C8H18) and n-heptane (C7H16).
Cetane number
CI engine fuels are also characterized by a rating given in terms of „Cetane number‟
which also indicates the resistance of fuel to knocking. Cetane number for any fuel is
given by percentage by volume of cetane (C16 H34) in a mixture of cetane and -
methyl naphthalene (C10H7CH3) which offers the combustion characteristics similar
to that of test fuel.
 Ignition System
Basically Convectional Ignition systems are of 2 types:

Firing Order
Firing order indicates the sequence or order in which the firing impulses occur in a
multicylinder spark ignition engine. It is chosen to give a uniform torque, and hence a
uniform distribution of firing per revolution of the engine.
Fuel injection system
Types of Injection Systems
Air (Blast) Injection System: In air blast injection system, fuel is forced into the cylinder
by means of compressed air. This system is little used universally at present, because it
requires a multistage air compressor, which increases engine weight and reduces brake
power. This method is capable of producing better atomization and penetration of fuel
resulting in higher brake mean effective pressure.
Solid Injection System: In solid injection, the liquid fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber without the aid of compressed air. Hence, it is termed as airless
mechanical injection or solid injection.

Common rail system

Individual pump system
State the necessities for cooling of an engine.
The temperature of the burning gases in the engine cylinder reaches up to 1500 to
2000°C, which is above the melting point of the material of the cylinder body and
head of the engine. Therefore, if the heat is not dissipated, it would result in the
failure of the cylinder material.

Due to very high temperatures, the film of the lubricating oil will get oxidized, thus
producing carbon deposits on the surface. This will result in piston seizure.

Due to overheating, large temperature differences may lead to a distortion of the

engine components due to the thermal stresses set up. Higher temperatures also
lower the volumetric efficiency of the engine.
Types of Cooling System
There are two types of cooling systems:
(i) Air cooling system and
(ii) Water-cooling system.
Air Cooled System
Air cooled system is generally used in small engines say up to 15-20 kW and in aero
plane engines.
The amount of heat dissipated to air depends upon :
(a) Amount of air flowing through the fins.
(b) Fin surface area.
(c) Thermal conductivity of metal used for fins.
State the function of Radiator
The purpose of the radiator is to cool down the water received from the engine.
Purpose of lubrication
To reduce the friction between moving parts
To minimize the vibration.
To reduce the wear and tear.
To reduce the corrosion and carbon deposits.
To reduce the heat of moving parts.
To minimise the power lost due to friction.
To reduce the noise created by the moving parts.

Lubrication system
.
Engine Lubricating System
Splash system
Forced feed system
State the function of a carburettor in a petrol engine?
Carburettor thoroughly mixes petrol and air in correct proportion and sends into
cylinder following Bernoulli‟s principle. It maintains correct air fuel ratio depending
on the load speed of the engine.
The spark plug has two primary functions:
To ignite the air/fuel mixture.
To remove heat from the combustion chamber.
Fuel injector.
Fuel injector is an important part of diesel engine which breaks up the fuel and sprays
into the cylinder into a very fine divided particles.
Feeding fuel
Adjusting fuel quantity
Adjusting injection timing
Atomising fuel
Governing of IC Engines
The process of providing any arrangement, which will keep the engine speed
constant (according to the changing load conditions) is known as governing of I.C.
engines. Though there are many methods for the governing of I.C. engines.

1. Hit and miss governing. In this system of governing, whenever the engine starts
running
at higher speed (due to decreased load), some explosions are omitted or missed.
This is done with the help of a centrifugal governor. This method of governing is
widely used for I. C. engines of smaller capacity or gas engines.
2. Qualitative governing. In this system of governing, a control valve is fitted in the
fuel
delivery pipe, which controls the quantity of fuel to be mixed in the charge. The
movement of control valve is regulated by the centrifugal governor through rack
and pinion arrangement.
3. Quantitative governing. In this system of governing, the quality of charge (i.e.
air-fuel
ratio of the mixture) is kept constant. But the quantity of mixture supplied to the
engine cylinder is varied by means of a throttle valve which is regulated by the
centrifugal governor through rack and pinion arrangement.
Anti-Freeze Solutions
In order to prevent the water in the cooling system from freezing, some chemical
solutions which are known as anti-freeze solutions are mixed with water. In cold areas,
if the engine is kept without this solution for some time, the water may freeze and
expand leading to fractures in the cylinder block, cylinder head, pipes and/or
radiators.