RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 The Presentation
 Analysis and
 Interpretation of data
 This part of thesis contains the results of the study
which are logically arranged in accordance with the
order of the statement of the problem
 Normally, it features the following contents in
chronological order:
 1. Statistical Tables and Graphs

 2. Textual Presentation
 3. Inferences or Interpretation
 Presentation is a way of arranging data into logical,
chronological and significant categories and
classifications.
 There are three ways of presenting data: textual,
tabular and graphical.
 Tables organize and compress data into
standardized forms. They facilitate the study and
interpretation. Most researchers use tables in their
textual presentation of data. This is because:
1. researchers need to give little explanation only since
data in tables are arranged and grouped systematically;
2. readers can comprehend and interpret information
easily because they can see relationships of data at once,
and
3. tables can present ideas that are understood even
without reading the textual presentation
 Tables include a title, a number, heading, a body
and if necessary, notes.
 Title
 The title should identify the table briefly.
 It need not give background information or
describe the results.
 The modern way of writing titles omits the words
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of /
Distribution of / According to.
 Title
 The title should be written in inverted pyramid
format
 Table title should not be in question form
 Title should be sentence-cased, light-faced, justified,
single-spaced with second (or third) line hanging. No
space after paragraph.
 Titles in the body of the manuscript should be
consistent with the titles in the List of Tables.
 Explanation should be before or in between the
table, but NEVER after the table. Tables should not
exceed beyond the margin (auto fit to window
format).
 Number
 Each table in the research paper must be
numbered using Arabic numerals.
 Tables must be numbered and continuously
through all the chapters.
 Tables in the appendix must be numbered
separately from the text.
 If the paper contains only one table, the number
is unnecessary. Only the initial letter of the word
“Table” is capitalized.
 Heading
 A graph is a chart representing the quantitative
variations of a variable itself or in comparison with
those of another variable. Graphing presents
variations, changes and relationships of data in a
very attractive, appealing, effective and convincing
way.
 The common types of graphs used in research are ;
 bar graph
 line graph
 circle graph
 pictogram
 map graph.
 The common types of graphs used in research are ;
 bar graph
 A Bar Graph (also called Bar Chart) is a
graphical display of data using bars of
different heights.
 BAR GRAPH
 BAR GRAPH VS. HISTOGRAM

• Bar Graphs are good when your data is

in categories (such as "Comedy", "Drama", etc).
• But when you have continuous data (such as a
person's height) then use a Histogram.
 BAR GRAPH VS. HISTOGRAM
 LINE GRAPH
 is a type of chart which displays information as a
series of data points called 'markers' connected
by straight line segments. It is a basic type of
chart common in many fields.
 LINE GRAPH
 LINE GRAPH
 CIRCLE GRAPH
 The circle graph is defined as a circular graph
which is divided into different sections, each of
which denotes a percentage out of the total.
Circle graph is also known as pie graph. It is a
graph in which the 360∘∘ of a circle is to be
divided in smaller portions.These portions
represent a certain percentage of the whole.
 CIRCLE GRAPH
 PICTOGRAPH
 is a way of showing data using images.
 MAP GRAPH
 Statistical graphics/Map graph/
Thematic Map also known as graphical
techniques, are information graphics in the field
of statistics used to visualize quantitative data.
It is especially designed to show a particular
theme connected with a specific geographic area.
 MAP GRAPH