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Materi
1. Siklus T. Uap sederhana (siklus Rankine sederhana) :
a. Diagram alir dan diagram T-s
b. Aliran uap
c. Boiler
d. Kondensor
e. Distribusi energi pada PLTU konvensional
3. Contoh PLTU Batu-bara
4. Analisis thermodinamik

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 1. SIKLUS RANKINE SEDERHANA
a. Diagram Alir dan diagram T-s
b. Aliran Uap
c. Boiler
d. Kondensor

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 a. Diagram Alir & Diagram T-s
Konversi panas menjadi kerja (work)
T Siklus ideal
P2 = C
3

T Wt 3
P1 = C
4 2
Boiler
Kondenser

Qin 1 4
P Qo
2
1
Wp

3/7/2018 Titik-titik 1, 2, 3, 4 ? Siklus nyata ? 4

 Saturation Condition (H2O)

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 Energ
y
STEAM POWER sourc
e Qin
PLANT BOILER

W in
PUMP TURBINE
Wout
CONDENSE
QR out
Energy
sink

7-Mar-18 THERMODYNAMICS, LEC-3 6

 b. Aliran Uap

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 c. Boiler/Steam generator

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 d1. KONDENSER

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 d2. Kondenser Jenis Vakum

1.Motive steam
2. Gas or vacuum
steam inlet
3. Cold water inlet
4. Cold water outlet
5. Atmospheric pressure
non condensable steam
or gas
6. Condensate outlet

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 e. Distribusi energi pada PLTU konvensional

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 2. CONTOH PLTU dengan
BAHAN BAKAR BATU-BARA

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 Sistem Turbin Uap Dengan Bahan Bakar Batubara

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 Schema sistem turbin uap

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 10. Steam control
1. Cooling tower 19. Superheater
valve

11. High pressure 20. Forced draught

2. Cooling water pump
steam turbine (draft) fan

3. Three-phase
12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
transmission line
13. Feedwater 22. Combustion air
4. Step-up transformer
heater intake
5. Electrical generator 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam
15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
turbine
7. Boiler feedwater
16. Coal pulverizer 25. Precipitator
pump
26. Induced
17. Boiler steam
8. Surface condenser draught (draft)
drum
fan

9. Intermediate pressure 18. Bottom ash

27. Flue gas stack
steam turbine hopper

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 3. ANALISIS THERMODINAMIK

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 RANKINE CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
FOR VAPOR POWER CYCLES
The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal
irreversibilities.

The simple ideal Rankine cycle. 18

Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle
Steady-flow energy equation

The thermal efficiency can be interpreted as the ratio of the area

enclosed by the cycle on a T-s diagram to the area under the
heat-addition process.
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 DEVIATION OF ACTUAL VAPOR POWER
CYCLES FROM IDEALIZED ONES
The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine
cycle as a result of irreversibilities in various components.
Fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings are the two
common sources of irreversibilities.
Isentropic efficiencies

(a) Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal Rankine
cycle. (b) The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities on the
ideal Rankine cycle. 20
 Steam Tables
SATURATED WATER
Spec. Vol. Internal energy kJ/kg Enthalpy Entropy
Temp. Press m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
OC kPa
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
T Psat liquid vapor liqui Evap vapor liqui Evap vapor liquid Evap vapor
vf vf uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg

0,01 0,6113 0,001 206,14 0,0 2375,3 2375,3 0,01 2501,3 2501,4 0,000 9,1562 9,1562

5 0,8721 0,001 147,12 20,97 2361,3 2382,3 20,9 2489,6 2510,6 0,076 8,9496 9,0257

40

100 101,33 0,001 1,6729 418,9 2087,6 2506,5 419,0 2257,0 2676,1 1,306 6,0480 7,3549

150

• Saturated liquid  index f (vf, uf , hf, sf)

• Saturated gas  index g (vg, ug , hg, sg)
• Mixture  v = vf + x (vg – vf); u = uf + x (ug – uf) ;
h = hf + x (hg – hf), s = sf + x (sg – sf),

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 Case 1

qin ; qout ; Efficiency ?

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 Case 2

WT ; Wp ?

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 Case 3
T3 ; Efficiency ?

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 Case 4
(pump eff. = turbine eff. = 0.87)

-Cycle efficiency ?,
- Mass flowrate of steam ?
- Temperature rise of the
cooling water ?

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 Tugas

 Uap keluar dari boiler (450o + ao) C, p= 6 Mpa

 Turbin menghasilkan kerja 4 Mwatt
 Uap keluar dari turbin p = (20 + b) kPa
 Efisiensi pompa 88%, turbin 85%.
 Hitung efisiensi sistem, jumlah uap yang dihasilkan
turbin, jumlah kalor yang dibuang lewat kondensor.
Keterangan :
a : dua angka terakhir dari nomor mahasiswa, dan
b : angka terakhir dari nomor mahasiswa

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