Chapter 1 Transport

Chapter 1 Transport
1.1 The Importance Of Having A Transport System In Source

Multicellular Organisms
ITeach – Biology Form 5

The Importance Of Having a Transport System in Chapter 1 Transport
Source Multicellular Organisms
Living Organisms
• Receive oxygen and nutrients from external environment for

cellular activities.
• Eliminate toxic waste products from their bodies through

diffusion.
• Smaller organisms with large total surface area to volume

(TSA / V) ratio enable waste products to diffuse easily.
Amoeba Hydra Planaria
TSA / V Ratio Organisms
• In larger organisms, TSA/V ratio decreases. Exchange of

substances by simple diffusion is too slow. To survive, an
internal transport system is needed.
Teach – Biology Form 5

Kepentingan Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Organisma Multisel
Organisma Hidup
• Menerima oksigen dan nutrien daripada persekitaran luaran

untuk aktiviti sel.
• Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh toksik daripada badan melalui

resapan.
• Organisma kecil mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per

isipadu (JLP/I) yang besar, membolehkan bahan kumuh
diresap dengan mudah.
Amoeba Hydra Planaria
Nisbah (JLP/I) Organisma
• Organisma besar mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per

isipadu (JLP/I) yang kecil, menyebabkan pertukaran bahan
melalui resapan ringkas amat perlahan dan sistem
pengangkutan dalaman diperlukan untuk terus hidup.
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Chapter 1 Transport
1.2 Concept Of The Circulatory System

Chapter 1 Transport
Concept of The Circulatory System
Circulatory System
Has 3 components
Blood Fluid/medium that flows in the system
Vessels carries the fluid
keeps the fluid moving through

Pump (heart)
the vessels
Blood is a type of connective tissue consisting of 55%

plasma and 45% blood cells.
Human
The blood passes into vessels such as arteries,
Circulator
arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
y system
The heart pumps blood continuously around the body.
What is blood?

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Konsep Sistem Peredaran
Sistem Peredaran
Mengandungi 3 komponen:
Medium bendalir mengalir di dalam sistem
Salur membawa bendalir
memastikan bendalir mengalir

Pam (jantung)
melalui salur
Darah merupakan sejenis tisu penghubung yang

terdiri daripada 55% plasma dan 45% sel darah.
Sistem
Darah mengalir ke dalam salur seperti arteri, arteriol,
Peredaran
kapilari, venul dan vena.
Manusia
Jantung mengepam darah secara berterusan ke

seluruh badan.
Apa itu Darah?

Chapter 1 Transport
Composition Of Human Blood
Blood
Cell (45%) Plasma (55%)
Platelets
Contains water, protein,

glucose, lipids, amino
Erythrocytes acids, salts, enzymes,
antigens, hormones, urea.
Leucocytes

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Konsep Sistem Peredaran Darah
Komposisi Darah Manusia
Darah
Sel (45%) Plasma (55%)
Platelet
Mengandungi air, protein,

glukosa, lipid, asid amino,
Eritrosit garam mineral, enzim,
antigen, hormon, urea.
Leukosit

Chapter 1 Transport
Functions Of Blood
Transport of materials Defense against diseases
Gases Food
Eg. amino Waste
eg; Co2, O2 products
acids,
glucose
Hormones Heat

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Fungsi Darah
Pengangkutan Bahan Melawan Penyakit
Gas Bahan
makanan
Bahan
Cth: Co2, O2 Cth: asid
kumuh
amino,
glukosa
Hormon Haba

Chapter 1 Transport
Human Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are tubes that transport

blood from one part of the human body to
another.
The structure and function of

human blood vessels
Arteries Veins
Capillaries

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Salur Darah Manusia
Salur darah merupakan tiub yang

mengangkut darah daripada satu bahagian
ke bahagian badan lain.
Struktur dan Fungsi Salur

Darah
Arteri Vena
Kapilari

Chapter 1 Transport
Structure And Function Of The Human Heart
The heart is situated between the lungs and behind the sternum in the thorax
It is the size of a clenched fist
– 2 upper thin-walled atria
There are 4 chambers
– 2 lower thick-walled ventricles
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle because
the left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body while the right ventricle only
pump blood to the lungs
The heart is divided into right and left side by a wall called the septum
The valve between the left atrium and ventricle has 2 cup-shaped flaps called the
bicuspid valve
The right atrio-ventricular valve has 3 cup-shaped flaps called tricuspid valve
The atrio-ventricular valves prevent back flow of blood into the atria when the
ventricles contract
Semi-lunar valves are located at the point where the pulmonary artery and aorta
leave the heart. This is to prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricle when
they relax.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Struktur dan Fungsi Jantung Manusia
Jantung terletak di antara peparu dan berada di belakang sternum pada toraks.
Bersaiz buku lima.
– 2 ruang atas yang lebih nipis iaitu atria
Terdiri daripada 4 ruang
– 2 ruang bawah yang lebih tebal iaitu ventrikel
Dinding ventrikel kiri adalah lebih tebal berbanding dinding ventrikel kanan kerana
ventrikel kiri mengepam darah ke seluruh badan manakala ventrikel kanan hanya
mengepam darah ke peparu sahaja.
Jantung terbahagi kepada bahagian kiri dan kanan yang dipisahkan oleh dinding
yang dipanggil septum.
Terdapat injap di antara atrium kiri dan ventrikel kiri yang dipanggil injap bikuspid.
Atrium kanan dan ventrikel kiri pula dipisahkan oleh injap trikuspid.
Injap di antara atrium dan ventrikel ini memastikan tiada pengaliran balik darah ke
antrium semula apabila ventrikel mengecut.
Injap sabit pula terletak pada pangkal arteri pulmonari dan aorta. Ini untuk
mengelakkan aliran balik darah ke ventrikel kiri dan kanan apabila jantung
mengendur.

Chapter 1 Transport
Pumping Of The Heart
Atrial Systole
The sino-atrial node
generates electrical
impulses. The electrical
Auricle impulses spread over the
contracts walls of both auricles
Semi
Ventrical causing them to contract.
sino-atrial lunar valves
contracts
node (SA) Purkinje
(pacemaker) tissue Ventricular Systole
The electrical impulses reach
atrio-ventricular the AV node, bundle of His
node (AV) fibres and Purkinje fibres
conduct the impulses to the
apex of the heart. The
The heart at rest electrical impulses spread to
the ventricles causing them
to contract

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Pengepaman Jantung
Sistol Atrium
Nodus sino-atrium
menghasilkan impuls
elektrik. Impuls elektrik
aurikel akan disebarkan ke
mengecut seluruh dinding aurikel
dan ini menyebabkan
injap sabit dinding aurikel mengecut.
nodus ventrikel
sino-atrium Sistol Ventrikel
mengecut Ketika impuls elektrik sampai
(SA) tisu
(perentak) ke nodus atrioventrikel (AV),
Purkinje sekumpulan gentian dan
nodus gentian Purkinje akan
atrio-ventrikel menghalakan impuls ke
(AV) hujung jantung. Ini
menyebabkan impuls elektrik
Pengenduran jantung tersebar ke seluruh ventrikel
dan menyebabkannya
mengecut.

Chapter 1 Transport

Regulation Mechanism Of Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is maintained by a negative feedback mechanism.

Baroreceptors located in the arch of the aorta and the walls of the carotid
arteries detect changes in blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in Cardiovascular
arch of aorta and increased rate centre in Medula
carotid arteries are of nerve impulses sent to Oblongata in the
stimulated brain
Increase in impulses sent

blood pressure to effectors
Action of effectors
• weaker cardiac
Normal blood Blood pressure muscle contraction
pressure decreases • lower resistance of
blood flow in the
blood vessels

Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Mekanisme Pengawalaturan Tekanan Darah
Tekanan darah dikekalkan oleh mekanisma suapbalik.

Baroreseptor yang terletak pada aorta dan dinding arteri karotid dapat
mengesan perubahan pada tekanan darah.
Baroreseptor yang
Meningkatkan kadar Pusat kardiovaskular
terletak pada aorta
pada medula
dan arteri karotid impuls saraf yang dihantar kepada
oblongata di otak
dirangsang
Tekanan darah Impuls dihantar

meningkat ke efektor
Tindakan efektor
• Melemahkan
pengecutan otot
Tekanan darah Tekanan darah kardium
normal menurun • Mengurangkan
rintangan aliran
darah dalam salur
darah

Chapter 1 Transport
Blood Circulatory System
Closed Open
• blood is confined to vessels or in • blood is contained in the
some cases sinuses body cavity known as a
haemocoel
Single Double • insects have this type of
• blood flows only circulation
once through the • blood flows only
heart for every once through the
complete heart twice for
circulation every complete
• fish have this circulation
type of circulation
Complete Incomplete
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated • Oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood are separated blood are inextricably mixed
• mammals and birds have this • amphibians and reptiles have
type of circulation this type of circulation

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Peredaran Darah
Tertutup Terbuka
• Pengaliran darah terbatas • Darah mengalir di dalam
kepada salur darah atau sinus rongga badan yang dikenali
sebagai hemoselom
Tunggal Ganda dua • Serangga mempunyai
• Darah hanya sistem peredaran jenis ini
mengalir ke dalam
• Darah mengalir ke
jantung sekali
dalam jantung dua
sahaja dalam satu
kali dalam satu
peredaran lengkap
peredaran lengkap
• Ikan mempunyai
sistem jenis ini
Lengkap Tidak lengkap
• Darah beroksigen dan darah • Darah beroksigen dan darah

terdeoksigen adalah terasing terdeoksigen bercampur
• Mamalia dan burung • Amfibia dan reptilia
mempunyai sistem jenis ini mempunyai sistem jenis ini

Chapter 1 Transport
Open Circulation Of An Insect
ostia
chamber of heart
pericardial membrane
haemocoel
Haemolymph flows forward in the dorsal tubular heart by waves of

contraction which begins at the rear and work its way toward the anterior
end
The haemolymph then leaves the heart and enters the haemocoel
The haemolymph is returned to the heart via the ostia
The ostia are equipped with valves that allow blood to enter but not leave
the heart

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peredaran Darah Terbuka Serangga
ostia
ruang jantung
membran perikardial
hemoselom
Hemolimfa mengalir ke dalam jantung yang berbentuk tiub di bahagian

dorsal melalui siri pengecutan yang bermula daripada belakang jantung
dan bergerak hingga ke hujung anterior.
Hemolimfa kemudiannya meninggalkan jantung dan memasuki bahagian
hemoselom.
Hemolimfa kembali ke jantung melalui ostia.
Ostia dilengkapi dengan injap yang membenarkan darah untuk masuk ke
jantung dan tidak meninggalkan jantung.

Chapter 1 Transport
Closed, Single Circulation In Fish
blood flows only once through the heart for

every complete circulation
The heart has only one atrium and one

ventricle
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the gills,

flows to various parts of the body and then
returns to the heart.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peredaran Darah Tunggal Tertutup Ikan
Darah hanya mengalir ke dalam jantung

sekali sahaja dalam satu peredaran lengkap
Jantung ikan hanya mempunyai satu atrium

dan satu ventrikel sahaja
Darah terdeoksigen akan dipam ke dalam

insang dan mengalir ke semua bahagian
badan sebelum kembali semula ke jantung

Chapter 1 Transport
Closed, Double And Incomplete

Circulation In Amphibians
Blood is returned to the heart after passing

through the lungs
It has two atria but the ventricle is not

completely divided
Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood would

be mixed in the single ventricle

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peredaran Darah Tunggal Ganda Dua

dan Tak Lengkap Amfibia
Darah dikembalikan ke dalam jantung

selepas melalui peparu
Ia mempunyai dua atria tetapi ventrikelnya

tidak terbahagi sepenuhnya
Darah beroksigen dan darah teroksigen akan

bercampur di dalam satu ventrikel

Chapter 1 Transport
Closed, Double And Complete

Circulation In Mammals
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs,

whence it returns to the heart and is then re-
pumped to the body.
The heart is divided into right and left sides,

the right side deals with deoxygenated blood
and the left side with oxygenated blood.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peredaran Tertutup, Ganda Dua dan

Lengkap Mamalia
Darah dipam daripada jantung ke peparu di

mana darah akan dikembalikan ke jantung
dan kemudiannya dipam semula ke seluruh
badan.
Jantung terbahagi kepada bahagian kiri dan

kanan. Bahagian kanan jantung menjadi
laluan darah terdeoksigen dan bahagian
sebelah kiri pula menjadi laluan darah
beroksigen.

Chapter 1 Transport
Human Circulatory System
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation
Flow of blood from the heart Flow of blood from the heart
to the lungs and back to the to all parts of the body and
heart back to the heart

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Peredaran Darah Manusia
Peredaran Pulmonari Peredaran Sistemik
Darah mengalir dari jantung

Darah mengalir dari jantung
ke seluruh bahagian badan
ke peparu dan kembali
dan kembali semula ke
semula ke jantung
jantung

Chapter 1 Transport
1.3 Understanding The Mechanism Of Blood Clotting

Chapter 1 Transport
Understanding the Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Necessity For Blood Clotting
Prevents excessive blood loss from the body through a wound
Prevents blood pressure from falling to a lower level
Prevents the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles into the body through
a wound

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Memahami Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah
Keperluan Pembekuan Darah
Mengelakkan kehilangan darah berlebihan daripada badan akibat luka
Mencegah tekanan darah daripada jatuh ke tahap yang sangat rendah
Mengelakkan kemasukan mikroorganisma dan bendasing ke dalam badan

melalui luka

Chapter 1 Transport
Understanding the Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Blooding Clothing Mechanism
Endothelial
Blood lining
flows out and blood
42 Platelets clump 1together
A cut intoaform
of blood vessel
avessel
plug toconstricts
prevent blood
bloodloss
vessel When a blood vessel is injured, platelets
begin to collect at the site on injury, forming a
barrier called the platelet plug.
An enzyme, thrombokinase is released.
Vitamin K
Calcium ions
3 Platelets Erythrocyte
on exposure to air,
breakBlood
downvessel Prothrombin
and release 5 Platelets release Thrombin
constricts
chemicals to cause other thrombokinase Thrombokinase
and
platelets to stick to each otherother clotting factors
Fibrinogen Fibrin
(soluble) (insoluble)
Clot forms to stop further blood loss

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Memahami Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah
Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah
4
2 Platelet
Lapisan berkumpulSalur
Endotelium bersama
1keluar darah
Darah mengalir
membentuk penyumbat dan
yang Apabila salur darah terluka, platelet akan
veselvesel
darahdarah mengecutterluka berkumpul dan melekat pada dinding salur
menghalang kehilangan darah
darah membentuk penghalang yang
dipanggil penyumbat platelet.
Enzim trombokinase dibebaskan
Vitamin K
Ion kalsium
Eritrosit
Vesel darahterdedah kepadaProtrombin
3 Apabila platelet udara, ia Trombin
mengecut
akan terurai dan membebaskan bahan kimia Trombokinase
5
menyebabkan platelet lain untukPlatelet
melekatmembebaskan
bersama trombokinase dan faktor
Fibrinogen Fibrin
pembekuan lain
(protein larut) (protein tak
larut
Darah beku terbentuk untuk

memberhentikan kehilangan darah
Teach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Chapter 1 Transport
1.4 The Lymphatic System

Chapter 1 Transport
The lymphatic System
The Formation Of Lymph
 As a result of high pressure, water and dissolved substances diffuse from the
capillaries and bathe the tissue, forming tissue fluid or interstitial fluid.
Importance of the interstitial fluid
- Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood through the interstitial fluid.
- Excretory waste (carbon dioxide, urea) diffuse out of the cells through the
interstitial fluid
 Some of the tissue fluid returns to the capillaries (90%) while the rest (10%)
drains into the lymphatic vessels.
 The fluid is known as lymph.
 The composition of lymph is similar to plasma except that it has no

erythrocytes and large protein molecules of the blood.
 The lymph flow takes place in only one direction from the tissues to the heart.
Semilunar valves within the lymphatic vessels keep the flow of lymph in one
direction.

Composition of interstitial fluid
• Water
• Dissolved nutrients
• Hormones
• Waste product
• Gases
• Small proteins from the blood
• leucocytes
• Dost not contain
- plasma proteins (albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen)
- erythrocytes
- platelets
(too large to pass through the capillary

walls)
• Blood plasma (at venous end) is hypertonic
compared to the surrounding interstitial fluid.
• Blood P is lower at venous end
results = water, mineral, salts and waste product

flow back into the capillary (85%)
why?
• The fluid must be returned to the
circulatory system to maintain normal
blood volume.
• 15% of fluid that still remain in interstitial
fluid returns to the blood through lymphatic
system.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Limfa
Pembentukan Limfa
 Disebabkan oleh tekanan tinggi, air dan bahan terlarut akan meresap keluar
daripada kapilari dan membasahi tisu membentuk bendalir tisu atau bendalir
ruang-antara.
Kepentingan bendalir ruang-antara
- Oksigen dan nutrien meresap keluar dari darah melalui bendalir ruang-antara.
- Bahan kumuh(karbon dioksida, urea) meresap keluar dari sel melalui bendalir
ruang-antara.
 Sebahagian daripada bendalir tisu kembali semula ke dalam kapilari (90%)
sementara lebihan bendalir tisu (10%) disalurkan ke dalam salur limfa.
 Bendalir ini dikenali sebagai limfa.
 Komposisi limfa adalah lebih kurang sama dengan komposisi plasma kecuali
ia tidak mempunyai eritrosit dan molekul protein yang terlalu besar.
 Aliran limfa berlaku dalam satu arah iaitu dari tisu ke jantung. Injap sabit yang
terdapat di antara salur limfa memastikan aliran limfa bergerak dalam satu
arah.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
The structure of lymphatic system

• Collects excess interstitial fluid and return
it to circulatory system
• A network of lymph capillaries, larger
vessel
• Lymph capillaries – blind end tubes
- located in the spaces
between the cells
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
• Interstitial fluid which is not absorbed into

bloodstream drains into lymph capillaries –
known as lymph
Lymph: - transparent yellowish fluid
Lymphatic vessel: - lymphatic capillaries

unite
- have one-way valves
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Lymph nodes
• intervals along lymphatic vessel
• produce and store lymphocytes
- help to defend the body against infection
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic

duct
• main channels
• R.L.D receive lymph from right arm,
shoulder area, right side of the head and
neck.
• Thoracic duct receives lymph from left of
head, neck and chest, left upper limb,
entire body below the ribs
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
• Thoracic duct empties lymph into left

subclavain vein
• R.L.D empties lymph into right subclavain
vein.
Result = lymph drains back into the blood

Chapter 1 Transport
The Lymphatic System
the point where

lymph returns
right lymphatic duct to the blood
empties its contents into
the right subclavian vein anterior vena
cava
lacteal in the villi of small thoracic duct

intestine empties its
contents into the
left subclarian vein
lymph nodes
the lymphatic system is a • Produce lymphocytes
network of lymphatic vessels • Remove particles of
and capillaries, numerous debris and ingest
lymph nodes and two bacteria
organs, thymus and spleen.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Limfa
Sistem Limfa
titik di mana
limfa kembali
duktus limfa kanan ke dalam darah
menyalurkan bendalir
limfa ke dalam vena anterior vena
subklavikel kanan kava
duktus toraks
lakteal di dalam vilus
menyalurkan
usus kecil
bendalir limfa ke
dalam vena
subklavikel kiri
nodus limfa
• Menghasilkan limfosit
sistem limfa merupakan satu
jaringan salur limfa dan • Menyingkirkan
kapilari, nodus limfa, dua bendasing serta menelan
organ, timus dan limpa. dan mencernakan
bakteria

Chapter 1 Transport
Lymphatic system
• Do not have own pump to move lymph
• Moves with the help of
- 1-way valves
- muscular contraction
- intestinal movement
- pressure changes (inhalation and
exhalation)
Chapter 1 Transport
Role Of The Lymphatic System
 Transports interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream.

Blockage of the lymphatic system causes the body tissues to swell with
excess fluid, a condition called oedema.
 Transports absorbed fats and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestine
into the bloodstream.
 Defends the body against infection by producing lymphocytes and antibodies

to fight and destroy bacteria and viruses.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Limfa
Peranan Sistem Limfa
 Mengangkut bendalir ruang-antara balik semula ke dalam aliran darah.

Sistem limfa yang tersumbat boleh menyebabkan tisu badan menjadi
bengkak dengan lebihan bendalir. Keadaan ini dipanggil edema.
 Mengangkut lemak yang diserap dan vitamin larut lemak daripada usus kecil
ke dalam aliran darah.
 Mempertahankan badan daripada jangkitan penyakit dengan menghasilkan

limfosit dan antibodi yang dapat melawan dan memusnahkan bakteria dan
virus.
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan5

Chapter 1 Transport
Oedema
• An excessive accumulation of interstitial
fluid in the space between the cell
• May caused by a blocked lymphatic vessel
Chapter 1 Transport
1.5 Role Of Circulatory System In Body Defence Mechanism

Chapter 1 Transport
Role Of Circulatory System In Body Defence Mechanism
The Body’s Defence Mechanism
First line of Second line of Third line of

defence defence defence
Antibodies
Mucous Phagocytosis
Skin produced by
membranes by phagocytes
lymphocytes
Sweat Secretion of
Sebum mucus

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peranan Sistem Peredaran dalam Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan
Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan
Barisan
Barisan pertama Barisan
Pertahanan
pertahanan pertahanan kedua
ketiga
Antibodi yang
Membran Fagositosis
Kulit dihasilkan
mukus oleh fagosit
oleh limfosit
Sebum Rembesan
peluh mukus

Chapter 1 Transport
The Body’s Defence Mechanism - First Line Of Defence
• Consists of physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from the body
• The skin serves as a physical barrier
• Sebum from the sebaceous glands provides a protective waterproof layer
• Sweat from the sweat gland contains lyzozyme, an antibacterial enzyme.

Chapter 1 Transport
The first line defence (skin)

• Physical barrier (outer layer)
- impenetrable to bacteria and viruses,
- dead skin makes it difficult for bacteria to growth
• Chemical barrier (sebum)
- protective film over the skin
- acids and oils prevent the growth of
microorganism
• Chemical barrier (sweat)
- contain lysozome – capable breaking down the
cell wall of certain bacteria
Chapter 1 Transport
The first line defence (others)

• Tears and saliva
- contain lysozome, helps protect from
bacterial invasion
• Hydrochloric acid
- destroys pathogens
• Blood clotting mechanism
Chapter 1 Transport
The first line defence (mucous

membrane)
• Line the trachea, digestive and urinary
tracts
• Stop the entry of potentially harmful
microorganism
• Secretes mucus (contain lysozome) –
traps and destroys bacteria
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan- Barisan Pertahanan Pertama
• Mengandungi halangan kimia dan fizikal yang menghalang patogen dari badan
• Kulit berperanan sebagai halangan fizikal
• Sebum daripada kelenjar sebum menyediakan satu lapisan perlindung yang

kalis air.
• Peluh daripada kelenjar peluh mengandungi lisozim yang bertindak sebagai
enzim antibakteria.
Chapter 1 Transport
The second line defence

• Used for the pathogen that may still gain
entry into the body (penetrate the 1st line
defence)
• Non-specific
• Phagocytes can form phagocytosis
Chapter 1 Transport
The Body’s Defence Mechanism - Second Line Of Defence
• Starts when a pathogen is able to get past the body’s first line of defence
• The ingestion and destruction of the pathogen is carried out by a process

known as phagocytosis.
Lysine enzyme digests the bacteria. Digested substance is absorbed into the
The bacteria
Phagocyte extends
is recognised
portions of
by its
theplasma
phagocyte.
membrane,
Phagocyte
wrapping
is close
around
to the
cytoplasm. Some
Bacteria
areisexcreted
trapped and swallowed
some may by
be the
used
phagocyte.
in the metabolism of
bacteria.
the phagocyte.

Chapter 1 Transport
Phagocytes
• Neutrophils and monocytes
• Migrate to the infected area
• Enter the interstitial fluid by squeezing
through capillary walls
• During migration, monocytes enlarge and
develop into macrophages, found in
interstitial fluid
Chapter 1 Transport
• Phagocytes engulfs and ingests the

pathogen in a process phagocytosis
• Phagocytes contain lysozome – destroys
the phatogen
Chapter 1 Transport
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan- Barisan Pertahanan Kedua
• Bermula apabila patogen berjaya menembusi barisan pertahanan pertama

badan
• Proses penelanan dan pemusnahan patogen dikenali sebagai fagositosis.
Enzim lisin bertindak mencernakan bakteria. Bahan yang telah dicerna

Fagosit memanjangkan bahagian membran plasmanya dan mengelilingi
Bakteria terlibatdiserap
kemudiannya Bakteria
dikenalpasti
diperangkap
ke oleh
dalam
fagosit.
sitoplasma.
dan Fagosit
ditelan oleh
menghampiri
Sebahagian
fagosit. bakteria.
daripadanya
bakteria.
dirembeskan dan sebahagian lagi digunakan di dalam metabolisma fagosit.

Chapter 1 Transport
The third line defence

• Involves the immune system
• Specific or targeted defence (recognises
specific phatogen)
Chapter 1 Transport
The third line defence

• Immunity: body resistance to the pathogen
which causes a specific disease
• Antigen: substances (proteins) that
immune system recognise as a foreign of
the body. Found in the outer surface of
microorganism
Chapter 1 Transport
• Antibodies: proteins found on the surface

of lymphocytes or proteins released by the
lymphocytes into the blood plasma
• Immune response: interaction between
antibody and antigen which result in the
elimination of the antigen from the body
Chapter 1 Transport
The Body’s Defence Mechanism - Third Line Of Defence
• Involves lymphocytes which produce antibodies to fight diseases and

infection.
• The antibodies produced can defend the body in the following ways
Neutralisation Lysis
Third Line Of Defence
Opsonisation Agglutination

Chapter 1 Transport
Lymphatic system
• Also helps defend the body against
invasion by pathogens
• When infection, pathogens and
lymphocytes collect in a great numbers in
the lymph nodes
• Lymph nodes become swollen
• Lymph nodes contain macrophages, dead
tissue, other foreign substances through
phagocytosis and lymphocytes
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan- Barisan Pertahanan Ketiga
• Melibatkan limfosit yang menghasilkan antibodi untuk melawan jangkitan

dan penyakit.
• Antibodi yang dihasilkan dapat melindungi badan dengan cara berikut
Peneutralan Lisis
Barisan Pertahanan Ketiga
Pengopsoninan Aglutinasi

Role Of Circulatory System In Body Defence Mechanism Chapter 1 Transport
Types Of Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the human body to use antibodies to fight against the
invasion of pathogens
Immunity
Nature Artificial
Active Passive Active Passive

• Immunity • Immunity • Immunity acquired • Immunity
acquired after acquired through by vaccination acquired by
recovery from maternal • A vaccine is a injection of
infection antibodies and preparation of mild or antiserum
mother’s milk weakened form of
pathogen

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Jenis Keimunan
Keimunan adalah keupayaan badan manusia menggunakan antibodi untuk
melawan serangan patogen
Keimunan
Semulajadi Buatan
Aktif Pasif Aktif Pasif

• Keimunan • Keimunan • Diperolehi melalui • Diperolehi
diperolehi diperolehi suntikan vaksin daripada
selepas sembuh daripada antibodi • Vaksin terdiri suntikan
daripada ibu melaui susu daripada patogen antiserum
jangkitan ibu yang telah
dilemahkan

Chapter 1 Transport
The Structure Of HIV
enzymes
RNA
capsid
viral viral
envelope proteins

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Struktur HIV
enzim
RNA
kapsid
sampul
viral protein
viral

Chapter 1 Transport
The Effect HIV On The Body’s Defence Mechanism
Effects Of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• HIV attacks the immune system by reproducing inside the lymphocytes and
killing them
• HIV causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
• AIDS is a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail,

leading to various life threatening infections.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Kesan HIV terhadap Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan
Kesan HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• HIV menyerang sistem pertahanan dengan membiak di dalam limfosit dan

memusnahkannya
• HIV menyebabkan AIDS (Sindrom Kurang Daya Tahan)
• AIDS merupakan keadaan di mana sistem keimunan gagal berfungsi dan ini
membawa kepada pelbagai jenis jangkitan yang boleh mengancam nyawa.

Chapter 1 Transport
Transmission Of HIV
• Unprotected sexual contact with an HIV infected person
• Reusing and sharing contaminated needles
• Transmission from an infected mother to infants during pregnancy, delivery

or breastfeeding.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peranan Sistem Peredaran dalam Mekanisme Pertahanan
Badan
Cara Jangkitan HIV
• Mengadakan hubungan seks tanpa perlindungan dengan pasangan yang

telah dijangkiti HIV.
• Perkongsian dan penggunaan semula jarum suntikan yang telah tercemar
• Jangkitan daripada ibu kepada anaknya sewaktu kehamilan, melahirkan atau

penyusuan badan.

Chapter 1 Transport
Prevention Of Aids
• Avoid unprotected sexual contact
• Do not have sex with any individual whose background and health status is
unknown
• HIV positive mothers should not breastfeed their babies
• Screening of blood products for HIV has eliminated transmission through

blood transfusions
• Never reuse or share needles or syringes

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Cara Pencegahan AIDS
• Menjauhi hubungan seks tanpa perlindungan
• Tidak melakukan hubungan seks dengan individu yang tidak dikenali latar
belakang dan status kesihatannya (seks rambang)
• Ibu yang merupakan pembawa HIV positif tidak seharusnya menyusukan anak
mereka
• Jangkitan melalui pemindahan darah dapat dielakkan melalui penapisan dan

saringan darah yang dijangkiti HIV
• Jangan berkongsi dan guna semula jarum dan picagari yang telah digunakan

Chapter 1 Transport
1.6 Appreciating A Healthy Cardiovascular System

Chapter 1 Transport
Appreciating A Healthy Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular diseases
 Disorder of the heart and the blood circulatory system
Hypertension Embolism Heart attack
Thrombosis Angina Atherosclerosis
Risk Factor
High levels of blood cholesterol Diabetes mellitus
Age Family history
Smoking Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Menghargai Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat
Penyakit Kardiovaskular
 Gangguan sistem peredaran darah dan jantung
Hipertensi Embolisme Serangan Jantung
Trombosis Angina Aterosklerosis
Faktor Risiko
Kandungan kolestrol dalam darah Diabetes mellitus (kencing manis)

yang tinggi
Umur Sejarah keluarga
Merokok Cara hidup setempat
Obesiti

Chapter 1 Transport
Appreciating A Healthy Cardiovascular System
Healthy Cardiovascular System
 Diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol
 Diet high in unsaturated oils
 Diet with sufficient green leafy vegetables and fruit
 Avoid excessive intake of salt
 Avoid smoking
 Regular exercise
 Stress-free lifestyle

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Menghargai Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat
Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat
 Mengurangkan pengambilan lemak tepu dan kolestrol dalam diet
 Meningkatkan pengambilan minyak tak tepu dalam diet
 Memasukkan sayuran berdaun hijau dan buah-buahan yang

secukupnya dalam diet
 Mengelakkan pengambilan garam secara berlebihan
 Tidak merokok
 Kerap bersenam
 Mengamalkan gaya hidup bebas tekanan

Chapter 1 Transport
1.7 Understanding The Transport Of Substances In Plants

Chapter 1 Transport
Understanding the transport of substances in plants
Necessity For Transport Of Substances In Plants
 Water and mineral salts have to be transported to all parts of the plant
 Water is needed as a solvent and reactant in cell metabolism
 Mineral ions are needed for chlorophyll synthesis, healthy plant growth
and development

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Memahami Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Tumbuhan
Keperluan Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Tumbuhan
 Air dan garam mineral perlu diangkut ke seluruh bahagian tumbuhan
 Air diperlukan sebagai pelarut dan bahan tindak balas dalam metabolisma
sel
 Ion mineral diperlukan dalam sintesis klorofil serta untuk perkembangan

dan pertumbuhan tumbuhan

Chapter 1 Transport
Vascular Tissues In Stems, Roots And Leaves
Plants have two separate transport systems
Xylem Phloem
Gives support and transport Transport organic food

water and mineral ions, from substances synthesised by
the roots to the upper parts of the leaves during
the plant, against photosynthesis to other parts
gravitational force. of the plant.
Do xylem and phloem transports oxygen and carbon dioxide ?
NO. The exchange of gases is by diffusion.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Tisu Vaskular dalam Batang, Akar dan Daun
Tumbuhan mempunyai dua sistem pengangkutan
Xilem Floem
Memberi sokongan serta Mengangkut bahan makanan

mengangkut air dan ion organik yang disintesis oleh
mineral dari akar ke bahagian daun semasa proses
atas tumbuhan, menentang fotosintesis ke bahagian lain
daya graviti tumbuhan.
Adakah xilem dan floem mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida?
TIDAK. Pertukaran gas adalah melalui resapan

Chapter 1 Transport
Structure Of Xylem In Relation To Transport
Xylem
Vessels Tracheids Parenchyma
Long Do not have

hollow
continuous
Hollow tubes
Continuous
tubes
Vessels and tracheids form the two main parts in conducting elements.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Struktur Xilem dalam Pengangkutan
Xilem
Vesel Trakeid Parenkima
Panjang Tidak mempunyai

saluran kosong
yang panjang dan
Kosong
berterusan
Satu saluran
berterusan
Vesel dan trakeid membentuk dua bahagian utama dalam unsur pengaliran
air dan bahan makanan

Chapter 1 Transport
Vessels
 A vessel is formed from a chain of

elongated cylindrical cells placed lignified wall
end to end
lumen
rim of bordered
 The horizontal end walls break bordered pits
down to provide an uninterrupted pit border pits
flow of water up the plant. in section
torus (valve) annular
perforations thickening
 Each cell becomes lignified and in end wall
single large
loses its protoplasm
perforation
in end wall
of vessel
 The lignified thickenings prevent
the walls caving in, increase the
adhesion of water molecules and
help the water to rise by capillarity.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Vesel
 Vesel dibentuk daripada satu siri

sel panjang yang berbentuk silinder
dinding berlignin
yang bersambung dari hujung ke
hujung
lumen
 Hujung mengufuk dinding sel akan pit tepi Pit
terurai bagi memudahkan dan berbirai berbirai
melancarkan pergerakan air untuk sempadan
diangkut ke bahagian atas pit pada
torus (injap) keratan
perliangan penebalan
 Setiap sel menjadi berlignin dan pada hujung anulus
kehilangan protoplasma dinding Perliangan
tunggal
dalam
 Penebalan lignin menghalang hujung
dinding daripada runtuh, dinding
meningkatkan perlekatan molekul vesel
air dan membantu air untuk naik ke
atas melalui kapilari
Chapter 1 Transport
Tracheid
 Tracheids are similar to vessels except that they are five-sided in

cross-section
 Their tapering end walls are perforated by pits.
 Pits are the opening where water passes through from cell to cell.
Sloping end wall Lignified wall

perforated by strengthened with
bordered pits bars of lignin

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Trakeid
 Trakeid lebih kurang sama dengan vesel kecuali ia berbentuk poligon

jika dilihat daripada keratan rentas
 Hujung dinding menirusnya berliang disebabkan oleh pit
 Pit merupakan tempat di mana air dapat lalu dari sel ke sel
Hujung dinding Dinding berlignin

menirus berliang diperkuatkan oleh
dengan pit with bars of lignin
berbirai

Chapter 1 Transport
Structure Of Phloem In Relation To Transport
Translocation The transport of dissolved organic substances in the phloem
Phloem
companion
sieve tubes fibers parenchyma
cells
companion
sieve tubes
cells
 Sieve tube - a cylindrical column of
sieve cells (sieve tube elements)
joined end to end  The companion cell has nucleus,
vacuole, cytoplasm and numerous
 The end walls of each sieve tube mitochondria.
element are perforated by pores
forming structures called sieve
plates  The companion cell provide
 Longitudinal strands of cytoplasm metabolic support for the sieve
passing through the pores of the tube cells in the transport of
sieve plates help to transport organic substances.
materials from cell to cell

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Struktur Floem dalam Pengangkutan
Translokasi Pengangkutan bahan organik terlarut dalam floem
Floem
Tiub tapis Gentian Sel rakan Parenkima
Tiub tapis Sel rakan

 Tiub tapis- satu tiub panjang yang
berbentuk silinder yang
bersambung dari hujung ke  Sel rakan mempunyai nukleus,
hujung. vakuol, sitoplasma dan banyak
mitokondria.
 Hujung dinding pada setiap tiub
tapis mempunyai liang seni yang
dipanggil plat tapis.
 Sel rakan menyediakan sokongan
 Bebenang sitoplasma yang metabolik untuk sel tiub tapis
merentasi liang plat tapis dalam pengangkutan bahan
membantu mengangkut bahan organik.
dari sel ke sel.

Chapter 1 Transport
1.8 Transport Of Substances In Plants

Chapter 1 Transport
Transport of Substances in Plants
Translocation
Transport of the soluble products of photosynthesis
The following experiments have been done to show that translocation

occurs in the phloem.
The Ringing Experiment
Technique using compounds of 14C as tracers
Analysis Of The Content Of The Phloem Tubes

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Tumbuhan
Translokasi
Pengangkutan bahan terlarut dari proses fotosintesis
Experimen berikut telah dijalankan untuk membuktikan translokasi

berlaku dalam floem.
Eksperimen Pergelangan Batang
Teknik Menggunakan Kompaun 14C sebagai Penyurih
Analisis Kandungan Tiub Floem

Chapter 1 Transport
Transpiration
Is the loss of water vapour from a living plant

About 90% of transpiration takes place through stomata, 10% through the cuticle
and very little through the lenticels of stems.
Air movement-The movement of air carries away water molecules
that have diffused from the leaves. Hence, the faster the air
movement, the greater the rate of transpiration.
External
Temperature-Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of
factors
water molecules and so increases the rate of evaporation.
Affecting The
rate Of Light intensity-Light intensity increases, the rate of evaporation
Transpiration increases
Relative humidity-The lower the relative humidity of the surrounding
atmosphere, the faster the water vapour escapes from the stomata.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Transpirasi
Merupakan proses kehilangan air dalam bentuk wap air dari tumbuhan hidup.
Kira-kira 90% proses transpirasi berlaku melalui stoma, 10% daripada kutikel dan
sangat sedikit daripada lentisel yang terdapat pada batang.
Pergerakan udara- Membawa bersama molekul air yang telah
diresap daripada daun. Oleh itu, lebih laju pergerakan udara lebih
tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Faktor
Suhu- Peningkatan suhu meningkatkan tenaga kinetik molekul air
luaran yang
dan seterusnya meningkatkan kadar penyejatan.
mempengaruhi
kadar Keamatan cahaya- Apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat, kadar
transpirasi sejatan juga meningkat.
Kelembapan relatif- Semakin rendah kelembapan relatif
persekitaran atmosfera, semakin cepat wap air terbebas dari
stomata

Chapter 1 Transport
Pathway Of Water From The Soil To The Leaves
• The cytoplasm of the root hair cell is hypotonic to the surrounding

soil water
• Water enters the cell by osmosis
• Water is then drawn from cell to cell by osmosis until it reaches

the xylem vessels
• mineral ions are activity secreted into the xylem and this increases
the osmotic pressure. This generates a pressure known as root
pressure.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Pengaliran Air dari Tanah ke Daun
• Sitoplasma dalam sel rambut akar adalah hipotonik terhadap

persekitaran air tanah
• Air memasuki sel secara osmosis
• Air diangkut dari sel ke sel secara osmosis sehingga air sampai di
vesel xilem
• Ion mineral dirembeskan secara aktif ke dalam xilem dan ini

meningkatkan tekanan osmosis. Tindakan ini menghasilkan
tekanan yang dikenali sebagai tekanan akar.

Chapter 1 Transport
Pathway Of Water Up The Stem And Then The Leaves
 Root pressure provides a force which pushes water up the stem

but it is not enough to account for the movement of water to the
top of tall trees.
 Transpirational pull is the main phenomenon driving the flow of

water in the xylem vessels of plants.
 Transpirational pull draws water from the leaves and stems and
eventually from the xylem in the roots.
 The water column in the xylem vessels does not break due to
capillary action.
 Capillary action is caused by the cohesion between water

molecules and an adhesion between water and the cell wall of
xylem vessel.

Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Laluan Air Menaiki Batang dan Meninggalkan Daun
 Tekanan akar memberikan satu daya yang membolehkan air ditolak

naik ke atas batang tetapi daya ini tidak mencukupi untuk
menggerakkan air sehingga ke puncak batang pokok yang tinggi.
 Tarikan transpirasi merupakan faktor utama yang membantu

pengaliran air dalam vesel xilem daun.
 Tarikan transpirasi menarik air keluar daripada daun dan batang

dan akhirnya dari xilem pada akar tumbuhan.
 Turus air dalam vesel xilem bergerak disebabkan oleh tindakan

kapilari.
 Tindakan kapilari disebabkan oleh daya lekitan antara molekul air

dan daya lekatan antara air dan dinding sel vesel xilem.

Chapter 1 Transport

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Chapter 1 Transport

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Chapter 1 Transport

1.1 The Importance Of Having A Transport System In Source

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Source Multicellular Organisms

• Receive oxygen and nutrients from external environment for

• Eliminate toxic waste products from their bodies through

• Smaller organisms with large total surface area to volume

TSA / V Ratio Organisms

• In larger organisms, TSA/V ratio decreases. Exchange of

Teach – Biology Form 5

• Menerima oksigen dan nutrien daripada persekitaran luaran

• Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh toksik daripada badan melalui

• Organisma kecil mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per

Nisbah (JLP/I) Organisma

• Organisma besar mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

1.2 Concept Of The Circulatory System

ITeach – Biology Form 5

Concept of The Circulatory System

Blood Fluid/medium that flows in the system

Vessels carries the fluid

keeps the fluid moving through

Blood is a type of connective tissue consisting of 55%

The heart pumps blood continuously around the body.

Teach – Biology Form 5

Konsep Sistem Peredaran

Salur membawa bendalir

memastikan bendalir mengalir

Darah merupakan sejenis tisu penghubung yang

Jantung mengepam darah secara berterusan ke

Apa itu Darah?

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Concept of The Circulatory System

Composition Of Human Blood

Cell (45%) Plasma (55%)

Contains water, protein,

Teach – Biology Form 5

Konsep Sistem Peredaran Darah

Komposisi Darah Manusia

Sel (45%) Plasma (55%)

Mengandungi air, protein,

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Concept of The Circulatory System

Transport of materials Defense against diseases

Teach – Biology Form 5

Konsep Sistem Peredaran

Pengangkutan Bahan Melawan Penyakit

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Concept of The Circulatory System

Human Blood Vessels

Blood vessels are tubes that transport

The structure and function of

Teach – Biology Form 5

Konsep Sistem Peredaran

Salur Darah Manusia

Salur darah merupakan tiub yang

Struktur dan Fungsi Salur

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

Concept of The Circulatory System

Structure And Function Of The Human Heart

Teach – Biology Form 5

Konsep Sistem Peredaran

Struktur dan Fungsi Jantung Manusia