Trans-border Phenomena and

Transnationalism

Alejandro Monjaraz Sandoval

 Trans-border Phenomena

 Immigration  NAFTA
 Detention and deportations  Economic synchronization and open
markets
 Privileges and limitations for ICE and
CBP  Transborder trade and commerce
 Border Security  Foreign Direct Investment in and from
Mexico
 Border Wall
 Financing the project  Borderlands entrepreneurial
dynamism
 Licitations for the wall
 Why the border is important?

 Examining the dynamics of cross-border relationships

 Determine the role that this zone plays
 How it is affected by the policies that are generated in the center of the country
and

 Is it possible to consider border cooperation as a determinant of relations

between Mexico and the United States?
 ¿Qué es la frontera?

 Border regions are of great interest to governments, since they have great potential for
development in economic and social issues
 Inclusion / exclusion
 Physical delimitations of sovereignty
 National Security Assurance
 Frontier studies
 Cultural, political and economic synchronization
 "Mega-regions"
 Eventos de repatriación de mexicanos desde Estados Unidos, según entidad federativa y punto de
recepción, 2017
Nov '16 a Feb
Federation entity / Reception point Nov '16 Dic '16 Ene '17 Feb '17
'17
Total general 19 376 15 119 13 653 12 207 60 355
Baja California 5 790 4 928 4 421 3 310 18 449
Mexicali I 1 706 1 342 1 320 882 5 250
Tijuana, Chaparral 4 084 3 586 3 101 2 428 13 199
Chihuahua 1 281 890 564 466 3 201
Cd. Juárez, Libertad (Paso del Norte) 1 267 880 529 421 3 097
Ojinaga 14 10 35 45 104
Coahuila 2 648 1 857 1 598 1 553 7 656
Cd. Acuña 2 304 1 551 1 435 1 429 6 719
Piedras Negras II 344 306 163 124 937
Sonora 3 709 2 953 2 478 2 166 11 306
Agua Prieta 10 6 6 3 25
Nogales Uno 2 623 1 866 1 426 1 309 7 224
San Luis Río Colorado 1 076 1 081 1 046 854 4 057
Tamaulipas 5 276 4 222 3 382 3 232 16 112
Nuevo Laredo I "Miguel Alemán" 102 78 110 66 356
Nuevo Laredo II "Juárez-Lincoln" 2 351 1 922 1 586 1 444 7 303
Puerta México (Matamoros II) 2 185 722 1 117 294 4 318
Reynosa-Hidalgo, Benito Juárez I y II 638 1 500 569 1 428 4 135
Ciudad de México 672 269 1 210 1 480 3 631
Fuente: Unidad de Política Migratoria, SEGOB, con base en información registrada en los puntos oficiales de repatriación del INM.
 Events of repatriation of Mexicans from the United States, according to state and receiving
point, 2017
Federation entity / Reception point Enero Febrero Total
Total general 12 497 10 612 23 109
Baja California 4 371 3 268 7 639
Mexicali I POR 1 307 871 2 178
Tijuana, Chaparral POR 3 064 2 397 5 461
Chihuahua 546 439 985
Cd. Juárez, Libertad POR 512 396 908
Ojinaga POR 34 43 77
Coahuila 1 592 1 531 3 123
Cd. Acuña POR 1 429 1 407 2 836
Piedras Negras II POR 163 124 287
Sonora 1 882 1 704 3 586
Nogales Uno POR 1 413 1 297 2 710
San Luis Río Colorado POR 469 407 876
Tamaulipas 2 896 2 190 5 086
Nuevo Laredo II "Juárez-Lincoln POR 1 675 1 498 3 173
Puerta México (Matamoros II) POR 1 103 291 1 394
Reynosa-Hidalgo, Benito Juárez I y II POR 118 401 519
Ciudad de México 1 210 1 480 2 690
Fuente: Unidad de Política Migratoria, SEGOB, con base en información registrada en los puntos oficiales de repatriación del INM.
 Non-Mexican Marijuana Cocaíne
SECTOR Agents * Detentions Rescues Deaths
Detentions (lbs) (lbs)
Big Bend 511 6,366 3,638 41,752 16 42 2
Del Rio 1,439 23,078 10,125 10,128 0 18 14
El Centro 927 19,448 5,087 2,899 126 36 9
El Paso 2,240 25,634 11,974 67,532 157 13 1
Laredo 1,670 36,562 11,225 73,261 663 982 68
Rio Grande
3,135 186,830 140,496 326,393 1,460 1,377 130
Valley
San Diego 2,325 31,891 6,511 9,167 1,317 77 7
Tucson 3,834 64,891 18,397 728,367 174 1,409 84
Yuma 829 14,170 10,657 32,608 271 10 7
Southwest
Border Sectors 17,026** 408,870 218,110 1,292,105 4,184 3,964 322

- Total
Total*** 19,828*** 415,816 222,847 1,294,052 5,473 3,964 322

https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/media-resources/stats
 Accompanied Unaccompani Total Total
SECTOR Total Juveniles
minors ed minors Adults Apprehensions
Big Bend (antes
578 951 1,529 4,837 6,366
Marfa)
Del Rio 1,971 2,689 4,660 18,418 23,078
El Centro 849 1,379 2,228 17,220 19,448
El Paso 3,022 3,885 6,907 18,727 25,634
Laredo 860 2,953 3,813 32,749 36,562
Rio Grande Valley
28,530 36,714 65,244 121,586 186,830
(antes McAllen)
San Diego 1,559 1,553 3,112 28,779 31,891
Tucson 1,687 6,302 7,989 56,902 64,891
Yuma 3,357 3,266 6,623 7,547 14,170
Southwest Border
Sectors - Total
42,413 59,692 102,105 306,765 408,870

https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/media-resources/stats
 Construction of the wall in 1994
 Operations Gatekeeper, Safeguard, Hold the Line
 30 feet high
 Increased investment in surveillance technology, not recruitment
 Rio Grande Valley is the priority
 Legal disputes over private land invasion
 Compensation required
 Blocks crossing sacred lands for indigenous populations
 CBO does not approve construction
 Congress authorized $ 1.5 billion for the first stage
 Mexico will not pay for the wall
Discretionary spending, in billions

 2018 budget of $ 44.1 billion for the DHS,

 An increase of $ 2.8 billion or 6.8 percent of the annualized 2017
level.
 Secure borders by investing $ 2.6 billion in tactical infrastructure
 $ 314 million to recruit, hire and train 1,500 new agents and
officials by 2018
 $ 1.5 Billion to Expand Detention, Transportation, and Elimination
of Undocumented Migrants
 Invests $ 15 Million for E-Verify Program Implementation
 Protect cyberspace with $ 1.5 billion

Fuente: New York Times