TIME DIFFERENCE ON PLANETS OF THE

SOLAR SYSTEM

By Salsabel Aboktef
Class 8A
February 12 th 2018
 INTRODUCTION
• Time in physics is defined by its measurement: time is what
a clock reads.
• In classical, non-relativistic physics it is a scalar quantity
and, like length, mass, and charge, is usually described as
a fundamental quantity.
• Time can be combined mathematically with other physical
quantities to derive other concepts such as motion, kinetic
energy and time-dependent fields.
• Timekeeping is a complex of technological and scientific
issues, and part of the foundation of recordkeeping.
 INTRODUCTION
• Einstein's physics: spacetime
• Main articles: Special relativity and General relativity
• Albert Einstein's 1905 special relativity challenged the
notion of absolute time, and could only formulate a
definition of synchronization for clocks that mark a
linear flow of time
 INTRODUCTION
• Einstein showed that if the speed of light is not
changing between reference frames, space and time
must be so that the moving observer will measure the
same speed of light as the stationary one because
velocity is defined by space and time :
 INTRODUCTION

• I would like to highlight in this presentation the

time differences between planets/dwarf planets
and explain the scientific reasons behind that.
 CONCEPTIONS OF TIME
• Both Galileo and Newton and most people up until the 20th
century thought that time was the same for everyone
everywhere.
• This is the basis for timelines, where time is a parameter.
• Our modern conception of time is based on Einstein's theory of
relativity, in which rates of time run differently depending on
relative motion, and space and time are merged into spacetime,
where we live on a world line rather than a timeline.
• In this view time is a coordinate.
• According to the prevailing cosmological model of the Big Bang
theory time itself began as part of the entire Universe about 13.8
billion years ago
 CONCEPTIONS OF TIME

• Andromeda galaxy (M31) is two million light-years

away.
• Thus we are viewing M31's light from two million years
ago, a time before humans existed on Earth.
 YOUR AGE ON OTHER WORLDS
Using Your Age On Other Worlds website, I assumed that my
teacher birthdate is January 1 st 1973; my teacher’s age would be:
 YOUR AGE ON OTHER WORLDS
Using Your Age On Other Worlds website, I assumed that my
teacher birthdate is January 1 st 1973; my teacher’s age would be:
 YOUR AGE ON OTHER WORLDS
Using Your Age On Other Worlds website, I assumed that my
teacher birthdate is January 1 st 1973; my teacher’s age would be:
 HOW WE DEFINE THE TIME (DAYS AND
YEARS) WE MEASURE
We have two different types of the planets
motions that control our definition of time

a) Planet rotation around its axis:

• As the earth rotates, a part of the earth
faces the sun lights up creating day. The
rest is night because it’s dark.
• It takes 24 hours for the earth to fully
rotate. We call this a day.
 HOW WE DEFINE THE TIME (DAYS AND
YEARS) WE MEASURE
a) Planet rotation around its axis:
• Earth spins at about
1,600kmph(1,000mph) (Dowswell Paul
2002).
• Planets rotation rates have no relation to
planet size. It is how much "spin" was in
the original material that went into
forming each planet.
• Giant Jupiter has lots of spin, turning
once on its axis every 10 hours, while
Venus takes 243 days to spin once.
 HOW WE DEFINE THE TIME (DAYS AND
YEARS) WE MEASURE
b)The movement of planets
around the sun:
• When the earth rotates
around the sun we call
this a year
• On the earth a year is
365 earth days.
• During these 365 days of
rotation the earth’s axis is
tilted
 HOW WE DEFINE THE TIME (DAYS AND
YEARS) WE MEASURE
b)The movement of planets
around the sun:
• Then when the earth
turns the other way, the
southern hemisphere
gets to enjoy summer
and the northern
hemisphere gets winter.
• So while the northern
hemisphere is enjoying
summer, the southern
hemisphere is having
winter.
THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
• The planets move at
differing rates around the
sun.
• Every planet takes a
different amount of time
to rotate based on how
far it is from the sun and
how long it takes to
complete a whole spin
around the planets axis.
THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
• While on Earth a day is 24 hours long and it takes 365 days to
make a year, the closest planet to the sun, Mercury, takes only 88
days to make a year and 58 earth days to make day.
• On Venus a year is 243 earth years and 224.7 earth days to make
a day.
• On Mars a day is 24 hours and 39 minutes and 35 seconds.
• A day on Jupiter is 9.9 hours.
• A day on Saturn is 10 hours and 47 minutes (scientists are not sure
yet).
• A day on Uranus is 17 hours 14 minutes.
• A day on Neptune is 16 hours and 6 minutes.
• A day on Pluto is 6 earth days and 248 earth years.
 THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
Planet Rotation Period Revolution Period

Mercury 58.6 days 87.97 days

Venus 243 days 224.7 days

Earth 1.00 days 365.26 days

Mars 1.03 days 1.88 years

Jupiter 0.41 days 11.86 years

Saturn 0.45 days 29.46 years

Uranus 0.72 days 84.01 years

Neptune 0.67 days 164.79 years

Pluto 6.39 days 248.59 years

THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
Now you may ask, why the huge differences in periods?
We need to go back to the time of Galileo, except that
we're not going to look at his work, but at the work of one
of his contemporaries, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).
• Kepler briefly worked with the great Danish
observational astronomer, Tycho Brahe.
• Tycho was a great and extremely accurate
observer, but he didn‘t have the mathematical
capacity to analyze all of the data he collected.
THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS

• After Tycho's death in 1601, Kepler was able to obtain

Tycho's observations.
• Tycho's observations of planetary motion were the most
accurate of the time (before the invention of the
telescope!).
• Using these observations, Kepler discovered that the
planets do not move in circles, as 2000 years of
"Natural Philosophy" had taught.
• He discovered that they move in ellipses.
THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
• An ellipse is a sort of squashed circle with a short diameter
(the "minor axis") and a longer diameter (the "major axis").
• He found that the Sun was positioned at one "focus" of the
ellipse (there are two "foci", both located on the major axis).
• He also found that when the planets were nearer the sun in
their orbits, they move faster than when they were farther
from the sun.
• Many years later, he discovered that the farther a planet
was from the sun, on the average, the longer it took for that
planet to make one complete revolution.
.
Here you see a planet in a very elliptical orbit.
Note how it speeds up when it's near the Sun.
THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS
• These three laws, stated mathematically by Kepler, are known
as "Kepler's Laws of Orbital Motion."
• Kepler's Laws are still used today to predict the motions of
planets, comets, asteroids, stars, galaxies, and spacecraft.
• Kepler's third law is the one that interests us the most.
• It states precisely that the period of time a planet takes to go
around the sun squared is proportional to the average distance
from the sun cubed. Here's the formula:
THE DIFFERENT TIMES ON DIFFERENT PLANETS

• Note that as the distance of the planet from the sun is

increased, the period, or time to make one orbit, will get longer.
• Kepler didn't know the reason for these laws, though he knew it
had something to do with the Sun and its influence on the
planets.
• That had to wait 50 years for Isaac Newton to discover the
universal law of gravitation .
 THE GRAVITY OF THE SITUATION
• Closer planets revolve faster, more distant planets revolve
slower.
• Why? The answer lies in how gravity works. The force of gravity
is a measure of the pull between two bodies.
• This force depends on a few things.
• First, it depends on the mass of the sun and on the mass of the
planet you are considering.
• The heavier the planet, the stronger the pull.
• If you double the planet's mass, gravity pulls twice as hard.
 THE GRAVITY OF THE SITUATION
• On the other hand, the farther the planet is from the sun, the
weaker the pull between the two.
• The force gets weaker quite rapidly.
• If you double the distance, the force is one-fourth. If you triple the
separation, the force drops to one-ninth. Ten times the distance,
one-hundredth the force.
• See the pattern? The force drops off with the square of the
distance. If we put this into an equation it would look like this:

• The two "M's" on top are the sun's mass and the planet's mass.
• The "r" below is the distance between the two.
• The masses are in the numerator because the force gets bigger if they
get bigger.
• The distance is in the denominator because the force gets smaller
when the distance gets bigger.
 THE GRAVITY OF THE SITUATION
• Note that the force never becomes zero no matter how far you
travel.
• Knowing this law helps you understand why the planets move
faster when they are closer to the sun - they are pulled on with a
stronger force and are whipped around faster!
 SUMMARY
• The times in the solar system are different from planet to
another. It depends on how close the planet is from the sun and
how long it takes to complete one spin around its axis.
• The gravitation of planets depends on the mass of the planet
and of the sun it orbits. The bigger the mass, the stronger the
gravitation. At the same time, the further the planet from its sun,
the less the gravitation. However it never becomes zero.
• In physics time is used as a measurement, and can also be
combined mathematically to find other physical quantities.
• Scientists, physicians, mathematicians and philosophers have
contributed their life studies to find out the real and complete
definition of time, and its influence in everything in life, but
there are still many questions and mysteries unanswered.
However, I invite all of you to my cosmology PhD defense at
California Technical Institute in 12 years Inshallah
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!!!!!