Professional Documents
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Composition of Petroleum
Petroleum:
Hydrocarbon:
C1 - C4 : gases
C5 – C19 : liquids
Oxygen 0.1-2% 0%
Crude oil Classification
Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil.
Alkenes : mono-olefins
CnH2n
one C=C
usually formed by
thermal and
catalytic cracking
(seldom naturally)
Composition of Petroleum
Other Hydrocarbons
Sulfur compounds
- H2S, mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes, etc
- elemental sulfur
- causes corrosion
- hydro-desulfurization: remove sulfur
compounds
- sweetening: remove obnoxious sulfur
compounds, convert to
odorless sulfides
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Compounds
- include trace metals
- form nitrogen oxides
in furnaces
- Decomposition : ammonia & cyanide -
corrosion
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons
Oxygen Compounds
- phenols, ketones,
carboxylic acids
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons
Trace metals
- Ni, Fe,V
- Small quantities, removed in refining process
- Remove arsenic, vanadium, nickel –poison catalysts
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons
Salts
- Inorganic salts : sodium chloride, calcium
chloride in suspension or dissolved in
entrained water (brine)
- Removed or neutralized – poison
catalyst, corrode equipment, fouling
Composition of Petroleum
Non-Hydrocarbons
Carbon dioxide
Results from
decomposition
of bicarbonates
Naphtenic acid
- organic acids
- corrosive at T > 450°F
Crude Oil Properties
Cloud Point
The temperature at which a cloud or haze of
wax crystals appears when the oil is cooled
under prescribed conditions
Viscosity
A measure of a resistance that a fluid makes to
motion or flow
Lower API gravity : more aromatic crude, lower yields of gasoline, the
heavier the compound
oil
API
141.5
131.5 SGoil
SG H O 2
Parrafinic crudes:
Paraffins + naphthenes > 50%
Paraffin > naphthenes
Paraffins> 40%
Naphthenic crudes:
Paraffins + naphthenes > 50%
Naphthenes> Paraffins
Naphthenes > 40%
Crude Oil Analysis
Paraffinic-Naphthenic crudes:
Aromatics < 50%
Paraffins < 40%
Naphthenes < 40%
Aromatic-Naphthenic crudes:
Aromatics > 50%
Paraffins < 10%
Naphthenes >25%
Crude Oil Analysis
Aromatic-Intermediate crudes:
Aromatics > 50%
Paraffins > 10%
Aromatic-Asphaltic crudes:
Naphthenes > 25%
Paraffins < 10%
CRUDE ANALYSIS
CRUDE ANALYSIS
Crude Oil Analysis
TB
1
3
KW
SG
TB = mean average boiling point (oR)
SG = specific gravity at 60oF
Crude Oil Analysis
KW Classification
10 Highly Aromatics
10.5 Highly Naphtenic
12.9 Paraffinic
15 Highly Paraffinic
Example
Time (minute) Temperature (oC) Percentage Oil A Distilled (%)
10 15 7.5
20 65 12.5
35 88 20.5
45 110 32.0
60 132 45.5
80 155 62.0
95 182 75.0
102 202 82.5
108 210 85.0
120 215 98.5
87552
CI 473.7G 456.8
TB
Classification based on specific
gravity and boiling points
20oC
C5-C9 naphtha
70oC
C5-C10 gasoline
120oC
170oC
270oC
600oC
>C70 residue
The pitch drop experiment at the University
of Queensland.
Date Event
1927 Experiment set up
1930 The stem was cut
December 1938 1st drop fell
February 1947 2nd drop fell
April 1954 3rd drop fell
May 1962 4th drop fell
August 1970 5th drop fell
April 1979 6th drop fell
July 1988 7th drop fell
2000-11-28 8th drop fell
Refining process
Crude Oil Products
Chemicals, catalysts, heat, pressure
Thank You