EC6503 TRANSMISSION LINES

AND WAVEGUIDES

BY
H.UMMA HABIBA, Professor
SVCE,Chennai.
 Overview of syllabus
OBJECTIVES
 To introduce the various types of transmission lines and to
discuss the losses associated.

 To give thorough understanding about impedance

transformation and matching.

 To use the Smith chart in problem solving.

 To impart knowledge on filter theories and waveguide

theories
 Overview of syllabus
OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the course, students will be able
to Discuss the propagation of signals through transmission
lines.

 Analyze signal propagation at Radio frequencies.

 Explain radio propagation in guided systems.

 Utilize cavity resonators

 Overview of syllabus
TEXT BOOK
1. John D Ryder, “Networks lines and fields”, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi, 2005
REFERENCES
1.William H Hayt and Jr John A Buck, “Engineering Electromagnetics”
Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2008

2.David K Cheng, “Field and Wave Electromagnetics”, Pearson

Education Inc, Delhi, 2004

3.John D Kraus and Daniel A Fleisch, “Electromagnetics with

Applications”, Mc Graw Hill Book Co,2005

4.GSN Raju, “Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines”,

Pearson Education, 2005

5.Bhag Singh Guru and HR Hiziroglu, “Electromagnetic Field

Theory Fundamentals”, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 2001.

6. N. Narayana Rao, “ Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics” 6

 Overview of syllabus
UNIT I -TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

General theory of Transmission lines - the transmission line

- general solution - The infinite line - Wavelength, velocity
of propagation - Waveform distortion - the distortion-less
line - Loading and different methods of loading - Line not
terminated in Z0 - Reflection coefficient - calculation of
current, voltage, power delivered and efficiency of
transmission - Input and transfer impedance - Open and
short circuited lines - reflection factor and reflection loss.
 Overview of syllabus
UNIT II -HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

Transmission line equations at radio frequencies - Line of

Zero dissipation - Voltage and current on the dissipation-
less line, Standing Waves, Nodes, Standing Wave Ratio -
Input impedance of the dissipation-less line - Open and
short circuited lines - Power and impedance measurement
on lines - Reflection losses - Measurement of VSWR and
wavelength.
 Overview of syllabus
UNIT III-IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH
FREQUENCY LINES

Impedance matching: Quarter wave transformer -

Impedance matching by stubs - Single stub and
double stub matching - Smith chart - Solutions of
problems using Smith chart - Single and double
stub matching using Smith chart.
 Overview of syllabus
UNIT IV-PASSIVE FILTERS

Characteristic impedance of symmetrical networks

- filter fundamentals, Design of filters: Constant K -
Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, Band
Elimination, m- derived sections - low pass, high
pass composite filters.
 Overview of syllabus
UNIT V -WAVE GUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS

General Wave behaviours along uniform Guiding

structures, Transverse Electromagnetic waves, Transverse
Magnetic waves, Transverse Electric waves, TM and TE
waves between parallel plates, TM and TE waves in
Rectangular wave guides, Bessel‟s differential equation
and Bessel function, TM and TE waves in Circular wave
guides, Rectangular and circular cavity Resonators.
 UNIT I

TRANSMISSION LINE
THEORY UNIFORM PLANE
WAVES
 Transmission Line
Properties
 Has two conductors running parallel
 Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
 Becomes lossy at high frequency
 Can handle low or moderate amounts of power
 Does not have signal distortion, unless there is loss
 May or may not be immune to interference
 Does not have Ez or Hz components of the fields (TEMz)

Twin lead
Coaxial cable (coax) (shown connected to a 4:1
impedance-transforming balun)
11
 Transmission Line (cont.)

CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)

The two wires of the transmission line are twisted to reduce interference and
radiation from discontinuities.

12
 Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines commonly met on printed-circuit boards

w
er
h
er h w

Microstrip Stripline

w w w

er h er h

Coplanar strips Coplanar waveguide (CPW)

13
 Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines are commonly met on printed-circuit boards.

Microstrip line

A microwave integrated circuit

14
 Fiber-Optic Guide
Properties
 Uses a dielectric rod
 Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
 Can be made very low loss
 Has minimal signal distortion
 Very immune to interference
 Not suitable for high power
 Has both Ez and Hz components of the fields

15
 Fiber-Optic Guide (cont.)
Two types of fiber-optic guides:

1) Single-mode fiber
Carries a single mode, as with the mode on a
transmission line or waveguide. Requires the fiber
diameter to be small relative to a wavelength.

2) Multi-mode fiber
Has a fiber diameter that is large relative to a
wavelength. It operates on the principle of total internal
reflection (critical angle effect).

16
Fiber-Optic Guide (cont.)
Higher index core region

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
17
 Waveguides
Properties
 Has a single hollow metal pipe
 Can propagate a signal only at high frequency: > c
 The width must be at least one-half of a wavelength
 Has signal distortion, even in the lossless case
 Immune to interference
 Can handle large amounts of power
 Has low loss (compared with a transmission line)
 Has either Ez or Hz component of the fields (TMz or TEz)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism) 18
 Transmission-Line Theory

 Lumped circuits: resistors, capacitors, inductors

neglect time delays (phase)

 Distributed circuit elements: transmission lines

account for propagation and

time delays (phase change)

We need transmission-line theory whenever the length of

a line is significant compared with a wavelength.

19
 Transmission Line
2 conductors

4 per-unit-length parameters:

C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [/m] Dz

G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m] 20
 Transmission Line (cont.)
i  z, t 

B x x x +++++++
----------
v  z, t 

Dz

i(z,t) RDz LDz i(z+ z,t)

+ +

v(z,t) GDz CDz v(z+ z,t)

- -
z

21
21
 Transmission Line (cont.)

i(z,t) RDz LDz i(z+ z,t)

+ +

v(z,t) GDz CDz v(z+ z,t)

- -
z

i ( z , t )
v( z , t )  v( z  Dz , t )  i ( z , t ) RDz  LDz
t
v( z  Dz , t )
i ( z , t )  i ( z  Dz , t )  v( z  Dz , t ) G Dz  C Dz
t
22
22
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Hence

v( z  Dz , t )  v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
  Ri ( z , t )  L
Dz t
i ( z  Dz , t )  i ( z , t ) v( z  Dz , t )
 Gv( z  Dz , t )  C
Dz t

Now let Dz 0:

v i
  Ri  L
z t “Telegrapher’s
Equations”
i v
  Gv  C
z t 23
23
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
To combine these, take the derivative of the first one with
respect to z:

v2
i   i 
 R  L  
z 2
z z  t  Switch the
order of the
i   i  derivatives.
 R  L  
z t  z 
 v 
  R  Gv  C 
 t 
 v  v2

 L  G  C
 t t  2

24
24
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

v
2
 v   v  v 2

  R  Gv  C   L  G  C
z 2
 t   t t  2

Hence, we have:

v
2
v  v
2

  RG  v  ( RC  LG )  LC  0
z 2
t  t 
2

The same equation also holds for i.

25
25
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

Time-Harmonic Waves:

v 2
v  v
2

  RG  v  ( RC  LG )  LC  0
z 2
t  t 
2

2
dV
  RG V  ( RC  LG ) jV  LC ( )V  0
2
2

dz
26
26
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
2
dV
  RG V  j ( RC  LG )V   LC V
2
2

dz

Note that

RG  j ( RC  LG )   LC  ( R  j L)(G  j C )
2

Z  R  j L = series impedance/length

Y  G  jC = parallel admittance/length

2
dV
Then we can write:  ( ZY )V
2
dz 27
27
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
2

  ZY dV
 ( )V
2 2
Let Then
2
dz

Solution: V ( z )  Ae  Be
 z  z

 is called the "propagation constant."

   ( R  j L)(G  jC ) 
1/ 2
Convention:
z z e j /2
 principal square root
    

    j   attenuation contant
  0,   0   phase constant
28
28
 TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Forward travelling wave (a wave traveling in the positive z direction):

V  ( z )  V0 e  z  V0 e  z e  j  z


v  ( z , t )  Re V0 e  z e  j  z  e jt 
 Re  V 0

e j e  z e  j  z e 
jt

 V0 e  z cos t   z   

The wave “repeats” when:

  2
g
t 0
g
  z Hence:
V e0

2
z 
 g

29
29
 Phase Velocity
Track the velocity of a fixed point on the wave (a point of constant phase), e.g., the
crest.

vp (phase velocity)

v  ( z , t )  V0  e  z cos(t   z   )

30
30
 Phase Velocity (cont.)

Set t   z  constant
dz
 0
dt
dz 

dt 

 In expanded form:
Hence v  
p
 v 
p


Im  ( R  j L)(G  jC ) 
1/ 2


31
31
 Characteristic Impedance Z0
I+ (z)
+
V+(z)
- z

A wave is traveling in the positive z direction.

V  ( z)
Z0  
I ( z)


V0

V ( z )  V0 e   z so Z0  
I0
I  ( z )  I 0  e  z
(Z0 is a number, not a function of z.)
32
32
 Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
Use Telegrapher’s Equation:

v i
  Ri  L
z t

dV
so   RI  j LI
dz
  ZI

  z   z
Hence  V0 e   ZI 0 e
33
33
 Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)

V0 Z  Z 
1/2

From this we have: Z0      

I0  Y 

Using
Z  R  j L
Y  G  jC

1/2
We have  R  j L 
Z0   
 G  j C 

Note: The principal branch of the square root is chosen, so that Re (Z0) > 0.
34
34
 General Case (Waves in Both Directions)
V  z   V0 e   z  V0 e   z
j   z  j  z j 
V e e
0

e  V e e  z e  j  z
0


wave in +z
wave in -z
direction
Note: direction

v  z , t   Re V  z  e jt 
 V0 e  z cos t   z    
 V0 e  z cos t   z    
35
35
 Backward-Traveling Wave
I - (z)
+
V -(z)
- z

A wave is traveling in the negative z direction.

V  ( z) V  ( z)

 Z0 so  Z0
I ( z) 
I ( z)

Note: The reference directions for voltage and current are the same as
for the forward wave.

36
36
 General Case
I (z)
+
V (z)
- z

Most general case: A general superposition of forward and

backward traveling waves:

V ( z )  V0  e  z  V0  e   z Note: The reference

directions for voltage
1 and current are the
I ( z)  V0  e  z  V0  e   z  same for forward and
Z0 backward waves.

37
37
 Summary of Basic TL formulas

I(z)
+ V(z)
-
z
V z  V e
0
  z   z
V e
0

V0  z V0   z
I z  e  e
Z0 Z0 guided wavelength g

    j    R  j L  G  jC  
1
2
2

g   m
 R  j L 
1
2 
Z0   
 G  j C 
phase velocity vp

vp  [m/s]

38
38
 Lossless Case
R  0, G  0

    j    ( R  j L)(G  j C ) 
1/ 2

 j LC

 0 
so vp 
   LC 

1/2
 R  j L  L 1
Z0    Z0  vp 
 G  jC  C LC
(real and indep. of freq.) (indep. of freq.)
39
 Lossless Case (cont.)
1
vp 
LC
In the medium between the two conductors is homogeneous (uniform)
and is characterized by ( , ), then we have that

LC  e (proof given later)

1
The speed of light in a dielectric medium is cd 
e

Hence, we have that v p  cd

The phase velocity does not depend on the frequency, and it is always the
speed of light (in the material).
40
40
 Terminated Transmission Line
Terminating impedance (load)
V  z   V0 e  z  V0 e   z
I(z)
+ V(z)
ZL
Ampl. of voltage wave -
z
propagating in positive z
direction at z = 0. z=0
Ampl. of voltage wave
propagating in negative z
direction at z = 0.

Where do we assign z = 0?

The usual choice is at the load.

Note: The length l measures distance from the load:  z 41

41
 Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Terminating impedance (load)
V  z  V e0
  z
V e0
  z

I(z)
What if we know + V(z)
ZL
-
V  and V  @ z   z
Can we use z = - l as z=0
a reference plane?

V0  V   0   V     e  V     V   0  e 
 V0  V   0   V     e
Hence

V  z   V     e    z    V     e  z  

42
 Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Terminating impedance (load)

I(z)
+ V(z)
ZL
-
z
z=0
Compare:

V  z   V   0  e  z  V   0  e   z

V  z   V     e   z (  )
 V     e  z  (  )

Note: This is simply a change of reference plane, from z = 0 to z = -l.

43
 Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)

V  z   V0 e  z  V0 e   z Terminating impedance (load)

I(z)
+ V(z)
What is V(-l )? ZL
-
z
V   0
 V  
e  V  
0 e
z=0

propagating propagating
forwards backwards

The current at z = - l is then

V0  V0 
I    e  e
Z0 Z0 l distance away from load
44
 Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
I(-l )

+
Z0 ,  V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Total volt. at distance l
from the load
 V 
2 
V    V0 e  V0 e   
 V0 e 1   e 
0

 V0 
Ampl. of volt. wave prop.
towards load, at the load Ampl. of volt. wave prop. L Load reflection
position (z = 0). away from load, at the coefficient
load position (z = 0). l Reflection coefficient at z = -
l
 V0 e 1   L e 2 
Similarly,
V0 
I    e 1   L e 2 
Z0 45
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
I(-l )

+
Z0 ,  V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z  

V    V0 e 1   e 
L
2

V0 
I    e 1   L e 2 
Z0
V    Z  1   L e2 
Z   
I   0  1   L e2 


Input impedance seen “looking” towards load

at z = -l . 46
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
At the load (l = 0):

 1 L  Z L  Z0
Z  0  Z0    ZL  L 
 1 L  Z L  Z0

 1   L e 2 
Recall Z     Z0  2 
 1   L e 

Thus,   Z L  Z 0  2 
 1  e 
  Z L  Z0  
Z     Z0
  Z  Z  2 
 1   L 0
e 
  Z L  Z0  
47
 Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Simplifying, we have
  Z L  Z 0  2 
 1  e 
Z     Z0   L
Z  Z 0  Z   Z  Z    Z  Z  e 2

0 
L 0 L 0
  Z  Z  2    Z  Z    Z  Z  e 2
 1   L   L 0 L 0 
e
0

  Z L  Z0  
  Z L  Z 0  e     Z L  Z 0  e  
 Z 0    

 L Z  Z 0  e 
  Z L  Z 0  e 
 Z cosh     Z 0 sinh    
 Z 0  L 
Z
 0 cosh     Z L sinh    

Hence, we have

 Z L  Z 0 tanh   
Z     Z 0  
 Z 0  Z L tanh   
48
 Terminated Lossless Transmission Line

    j  j

V    V0 e j 1   eL
2 j 

Impedance is periodic

e 1   L e 2 j  
V j
I   0 with period g/2
Z0
tan repeats when
 1   L e 2 j  
Z     Z0  2 j  
 1   Le 
 
2

 Z L  jZ 0 tan    g
Z     Z 0  
 Z 0  jZ L tan   
  g / 2
Note: tanh     tanh  j    j tan   
49
 Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
For the remainder of our transmission line discussion we will assume that the
transmission line is lossless.
I(-l )

+
Z0 ,  V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z  
V    V0 e j 1   e
L
2 j 
 Z L  Z0
V0 j 
L 
I    e 1   L e 2 j   Z L  Z0
Z0
2
g 
Z   
V    Z  1   L e2 j  
I   0  1   L e2 j 


 Z  jZ 0 tan    vp 
 Z 0  L 
  
 Z 0  jZ L tan   50
 Matched Load
I(-l )

+
Z0 ,  V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z  

A Matched load: (ZL=Z0)

Z L  Z0
L  0
Z L  Z0
No reflection from the load
 V    V0 e j
V0  j   Z    Z0
I    e
Z0 For any l
51
 Short-Circuit Load
B Short circuit load: (ZL = 0)
0  Z0
L   1 Z0 , 
0  Z0
 Z   jZ 0 tan    l

Note:   2
g Always imaginary!  Z   jX sc

XSC X sc  Z 0 tan   

inductive

/ g
0 1/4 1/2 3/4

capacitive S.C. can become an O.C.

with a g/4 trans. line
52
Using Transmission Lines to Synthesize Loads

This is very useful is microwave engineering.

A microwave filter constructed from microstrip.

53
 Example
d
I(-l)
+ ZTH
+
VTH Z0   V(-l) ZL
- -
l
Zin

Find the voltage at any point on the line.

 Z L  jZ 0 tan   d  
Z in  Z  d   Z 0  
 Z 0  jZ L tan   d   + ZTH
+
VTH V(-d) Zin
 Z in  -
 V  d   VTH  
 in
Z  Z TH 
54
 Example (cont.)
Note: V   V 0

e j
1   e L
2 j 

Z L  Z0
L 
Z L  Z0
At l = d :
 Z in 
V  d   V e
0
 j d
1   e L
 j 2 d
  VTH  Z  Z 
 in TH 

  Z in   j d  1 
 V  VTH  e   j 2 d 
 Z in  ZTH  
0
  1 L e 
Hence

 Z in   j  d    1   L e j 2  
V     VTH  e   j 2 d 
 Z m  ZTH   1   Le 
55
 Example (cont.)
 1   L e j 2  d 
Some algebra: Z in  Z  d   Z 0   j 2 d 
 1   L e 

 1   L e j 2  d 
Z 0 1   L e  j 2  d 
Z0  
Z in  1   L e j 2  d 
  
Z in  ZTH  1   L e j 2  d  Z 0 1   L e  j 2  d   ZTH 1   L e  j 2  d 
Z0   j 2 d 
 ZTH
 1   L e 
Z 0 1   L e  j 2  d 

 ZTH  Z 0    L e j 2  d  Z 0  ZTH 
 Z0 

 1   L e j 2  d 

 TH
Z  Z 0   Z  ZTH 
1   L e j 2  d  0 
 TH
Z  Z 0 

 Z0 

 1   L e j 2  d 

 TH
Z  Z 0   Z  Z0 
1   L e  j 2  d  TH 
 TH
Z  Z 0 

56
 Example (cont.)
Hence, we have

Z in  Z 0  1   L e  j 2  d 
  
Z in  ZTH  Z 0  ZTH  1   S  L e  j 2  d 

ZTH  Z 0
where S 
ZTH  Z 0

Therefore, we have the following alternative form for the result:

 Z0   j  d    1   L e j 2  
V     VTH  e   j 2 d 
 Z 0  ZTH   1   
S L e 

57
 Example (cont.)
d
I(-l)
+ ZTH
+
VTH Z0   V(-l) ZL
- -
l
Zin

 Z0   j  d    1   L e j 2  
V     VTH  e   j 2 d 
 Z 0  ZTH   1  S  Le 

Voltage wave that would exist if there were no reflections from

the load (a semi-infinite transmission line or a matched load).

58
 Example (cont.)
d

+ ZTH
VTH Z0   ZL
-

Wave-bounce method (illustrated for l = d):

1   L e  j 2  d    L e  j 2  d   S 
 Z0   
V  d   VTH      L e   S    L e     L e   S   Le   S 
 j 2 d  j 2 d  j 2 d  j 2 d
 
 Z 0  ZTH 
  
 

59
 Example (cont.)
1   L e  j 2  d    L e  j 2  d   S 
 Z0   
V  d   VTH      L e   S    L e  j 2  d     L e  j 2  d   S   L e  j 2  d    S 
 j 2 d

 Z 0  ZTH  
  
 

1     e  j 2  d      e  j 2  d 2  
 L S L S

 Z0  
V  d   VTH     e  j 2 d 
1     e  j 2 d
     e 
 j 2 d 2
 
 Z 0  ZTH
L L S L S
 
  
 

Geometric series:

1
z
n 0
n
 1 z  z2  
1 z
, z 1 z   L  S e j 2  d

60
 Example (cont.)

Hence
 1 
  j 2 d 
 Z0  1   L  s e 
V  d   VTH  
 Z 0  ZTH    e j 2  d  1 
   j 2 d 
 1   Lse
L
  

or
 Z0   1   L e j 2  d 
V  d   VTH    j 2 d 
 Z 0  ZTH  1   
L s e 

This agrees with the previous result (setting l = d).

Note: This is a very tedious method – not recommended.

61
 Time- Average Power Flow
I(-l)

+
Z0 ,  V(-l) ZL
-
l
At a distance l from the load:
V    V0 e 1   e  2

Re V    I *   
1
P  
L

V0 
2 I    e 1   L e 2 
V 2  Z0
 Re  * e 2 1   L e 2
1
2  Z0
0
 1   e 
* 2 *
L


    j
 

If Z0 real (low-loss transmission line) Note:

 L e 2  *L e 2
*

 2

P   
1V
    L e 2    L e 2 
*
e 2 1   L e 4
0 2

2 Z0  pure imaginary
62
 Time- Average Power Flow
I(-l)

+
Low-loss line Z0 ,  V(-l) ZL
-
 2 l

P  d  
1V
2 Z0
0

e 2 1   L e 4
2

 2  2
1V 2 1V 2 2
  
0 0
e L e
2 Z 0* *
2 Z0
power in forward wave power in backward wave

Lossless line ( = 0)
 2

 
V
1 0
P  d   1 L
2

2 Z0
63
 Quarter-Wave Transformer

 Z L  jZ 0T tan   Z0 Z0T ZL
Z in  Z 0T  
 0T
Z  jZ L tan  
Zin
g 2 g 
   
4 g 4 2 in  0  Z in  Z 0
Z 02T
 Z0 
 jZ  ZL
 Z in  Z 0T  0T 
 jZ L  This requires ZL to be real.

so
Hence
2
Z 0T
Z in  Z 0T   Z 0 Z L 
1/2
ZL
64
 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
I(-l )

V    V0 e j 1   e 
L
2 j 

Z0 , 
+
V(-l ) ZL
V e 0
 j
1   e e 
L
jL 2 j 
-
l

V    V0 1   L e jL e  j 2  1+  L
V ( z)
1 V0

Vmax  V0 1   L  1-  L

Vmin  V0 1   L  Dz   / 2
z
z0

Vmax
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio  VSWR  
Vmin
1 L
VSWR 
1 L 65
 Coaxial Cable
Here we present a “case study” of one particular transmission line, the coaxial cable.

b e r ,
Find C, L, G, R

For a TEMz mode, the shape of the fields is independent of frequency, and hence we
can perform the calculation using electrostatics and magnetostatics.

We will assume no variation in the z direction, and take a length of one meter in the z
direction in order top calculate the per-unit-length parameters.
66
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
Find C (capacitance / length)

er
Coaxial cable

From Gauss’s law:

 0   0 
E  ˆ    ˆ  
er  2 e    2 e e
0 r  
a
B

V  VAB   E  dr
l0

b - l0 A
b
0 b
  E d   ln  
a
2 e 0 e r  a 
67
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]

er
Coaxial cable
Hence

Q  0 1
C 
V   0  b
  ln  
 2 e 0 e r   a 
er
a We then have
l0

b - 2 e 0 e r
l0
C [F/m]
b
ln  
a
68
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Find L (inductance / length)

h = 1 [m]
I
From Ampere’s law:
 I 
r H  ˆ 
 

Coaxial cable  2 

 I 
B  ˆ   0  r
Note: We ignore “internal inductance”
here, and only look at the magnetic field
 2  
between the two conductors (accurate I
for high frequency.

z
Magnetic flux: I center conductor
b S
  (1)  B d 
a
h
69
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)
b
  1 0 r  H d 
h = 1 [m] a
I b
I
 0  r  d
2
r a

Coaxial cable I b

 0  r ln  
2  a 

 1 b
L  0  r ln  
I 2  a 

0  r  b 
Hence L ln   [H/m]
2 a
70
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Observation:

2 e 0 e r
C [F/m]
b
ln  
a
0  r  b 
L ln   [H/m]
2 a

LC  e  0e 0  r e r 

This result actually holds for any transmission line.

71
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

L
For a lossless cable: Z0 
C

2 e 0 e r 0  r  b 
C [F/m] L ln   [H/m]
b 2 a
ln  
a

r 1  b 
Z 0  0 ln   []
e r 2  a 

0
0   376.7303 []
e0
72
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
Find G (conductance / length)


Coaxial cable

From Gauss’s law:

 0   0 
E  ˆ    ˆ  
  2 e    2 e e
0 r  
a
B

V  VAB   E  dr
l0

b - l0 A
b
0 b
  E d   ln  
a
2 e 0 e r  a 
73
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

 J E
a I leak  J   a
(1) 2 a 
l0

b -  2 a E  a
l0

 0 
 2 a  
 2 e e
0 r a 
I leak
We then have G
V

 0 
2 a  
 2  e e a  2
G 0 r
or G [S/m]
0 b b
ln   ln  
2 e 0 e r  a  a
74
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

Observation:

2 e
C [F/m] e  e 0e r
b
ln  
a
2
G [S/m]
b
ln  
a
 
G C 
e 
This result actually holds for any transmission line.
75
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

As just derived,
 
G C 
e 

To be more general:

G  
   tan 
This is the loss tangent that would
C  e  arise from conductivity effects.

G The loss tangent actually arises from

 tan  both conductivity loss and polarization
C loss (molecular friction loss), ingeneral.

Note: It is the loss tangent that is usually (approximately)

constant for a material, over a wide range of frequencies.
76
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)

General expression for loss tangent:

 
ec  e  j   Effective permittivity that accounts for conductivity
 
 
  e  je   j  
 
 
 e c  je c

Loss due to molecular friction Loss due to conductivity

  
e  
e c  
tan   
e c e
77
 Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m] Find R (resistance / length)

R  Ra  Rb
Coaxial cable
 1 
Ra  Rsa  
 2 a 
Rs = surface resistance of metal
 1 
Rb  Rsb  
 b , rb  2 b 

 a , ra Rsa 
1
Rsb 
1
  a a  b b
a

2 2
b a  b 
0 ra a 0 rb b
78
 General Transmission Line Formulas

L
(1)  Z 0lossless  characteristic impedance of line (neglecting loss)
C

(2) LC  e   0e 0  r e r  R  Ra  Rb
 1 
Ri  Rs  2 
2
G (4) J sz (l ) dl 
(3)  tan   I Ci 
C Ci  contour of conductor, i  a, b

Equations (1) and (2) can be used to find L and C if we know the material
properties and the characteristic impedance of the lossless line.

Equation (3) can be used to find G if we know the material loss tangent.

Equation (4) can be used to find R (discussed later).

79
General Transmission Line Formulas (cont.)

Al four per-unit-length parameters can be found from Z 0lossless , R

L  Z 0lossless e 

C  e  / Z 0lossless

G  C  tan 

RR

80
 Common Transmission Lines
Coax

r 1  b  e r , r
Z lossless
 0 ln   []
0
e r 2  a  a

 1   1 
R  Rsa    Rsb  
b
 2 a   2 b 

Twin-lead

0 r  h 
Z 0lossless  cosh 1   [] h
 er  2a 
a a
 
  h  
  e r , r
 1  2a  
R  Rs 
 a  h 2 
 1 
   
 2a  81
 Common Transmission Lines (cont.)
Microstrip ( w / h  1)

 e reff  f   1  e reff  0 
Z 0  f   Z 0  0   eff  eff
e
 r  0   1  er  f 

120
Z0  0 
e reff  0   w / h   1.393  0.667 ln   w / h   1.444  

t   2h  
w  w   1  ln   
   t 

w
t

er h
82
 Common Transmission Lines (cont.)
Microstrip ( w / h  1)
2
 e r  e reff (0) 
e reff  f    e r (0) 
eff
1.5


1  4F
 

e r  1  e r  1   1   e 1   t / h 
e eff
 0     r  
 2   1  12  h / w    4.6   w / h 
r
2

 h    w  

2

F  4   e r  1  0.5  1  0.868ln 1    
 0     h   


w
t

er h
83
 Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory

At high frequency, discontinuity effects can become important.

transmitted

incident

Bend

reflected

The simple TL model does not account for the bend.

ZTH

+- Z0 ZL
84
 Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)

At high frequency, radiation effects can become important.

We want energy to travel from the generator to the load, without radiating.

ZTH

+- Z0 ZL

When will radiation occur?

85
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)

The coaxial cable is a perfectly

shielded system – there is never
any radiation at any frequency, or
under any circumstances.

er a
z b

The fields are confined to the region

between the two conductors.

86
 Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)

The twin lead is an open type of transmission

line – the fields extend out to infinity.

+ -
The extended fields may cause
interference with nearby objects.
(This may be improved by using
“twisted pair.”)

Having fields that extend to infinity is not the same thing as having radiation, however.

87
 Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)

The infinite twin lead will not radiate by itself, regardless of how far apart
the lines are.

1 
Pt   Re   E  H*    ˆ dS  0
S 2 
reflected
S
incident

+ -
h

No attenuation on an infinite lossless line

The incident and reflected waves represent an exact solution to Maxwell’s

equations on the infinite line, at any frequency.

88
 Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
A discontinuity on the twin lead will cause radiation to occur.

Incident wave
pipe

Obstacle h

Reflected wave

Note: Radiation effects

increase as the
frequency increases. Incident wave

Bend h bend

89
Reflected wave
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)

To reduce radiation effects of the twin lead at discontinuities:

1) Reduce the separation distance h (keep h << ).

2) Twist the lines (twisted pair).

CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
90
 Dielectric
Two conductor
wire Coaxial line Shielded
Strip line

91
 Dielectric
Two conductor
wire Coaxial line Shielded
Strip line

92
 Common Hollow-pipe waveguides

Rectangular Circular Ridge guide

guide guide

93
 STRIP LINE CONFIGURATIONS

SINGLE STRIP LINE COUPLED LINES

COUPLED STRIPS COUPLED ROUND BARS

TOP & BOTTOM

94
 MICROSTRIP LINE CONFIGURATIONS

TWO COUPLED MICROSTRIPS SINGLE MICROSTRIP

TWO SUSPENDED SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE

SUBSTRATE LINES LINE

95
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM):

– COAXIAL LINES
– MICROSTRIP LINES (Quasi TEM)
– STRIP LINES AND SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE
• METALLIC WAVEGUIDES:
– RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES
–CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES
• DIELECTRIC LOADED WAVEGUIDES

ANALYSIS OF WAVE PROPAGATION ON THESE

TRANSMISSION MEDIA THROUGH MAXWELL’S
EQUATIONS

96
Auxiliary Relations:

1. F  qE  v  B  Newton
q  Charge ; v  Velocity
2. J  E (Ohm' s Law)
  Conductivi ty ; J  Conduction Current
3. J  v ; J  Convection Current
4. D  eE  e r e o E ; e o  8.854 10 12 F/m
e r  Relative Dielectric Constant
5. B  H   r  o H ;  o  4 10 12 H/m
 r  Relative Permeabili ty

97
Maxwell’s Equations in Large Scale Form

 D  d S   dv
S
V

 B  dS  0
S


l E  d l   t SB  d S  S M  dS

l H  d l  SJ  d S  t SD  d S

98
•Maxwell’s Equations for the Time - Harmonic Case

Assume e jt variations , then :

E ( x, y, z , t )  Re[ E ( x, y, z )e jt ]
E ( x, y, z )  a x ( E xr  jExi )  a y ( E yr  jE yi )
 a z ( E zr  jEzi )
E x  Re[( E xr  jExi )e jt ]  Re[ E xr2  E xi2 e jt  j ]
 E 2 xr  E 2 xi cos(t   ) ,   tan 1 ( E xi / E xr )
D   ,  B  0
  E   j B  M ,   H  J  j D
ENEE482 99
Boundary Conditions at a General Material Interface

1,e1 E1t
Et1  Et2   M s h
Dn1  Dn2   s 2,e2
E2t
 s  Surface Charge Density
Bn1  Bn2 ; H t1  H t2  J s
nˆ  ( D1  D2 )   s Ds D1n
nˆ  ( B1  B2 )  0 h
nˆ  ( E1  E2 )   M s
D2n
nˆ  ( H1  H 2 )  J s

100
Fields at a Dielectric Interface

Et1  Et2  0
Dn1  Dn2  0
Bn1  Bn2 ; H t1  H t2  0
nˆ  ( D1 )  nˆ  ( D2 )
nˆ  ( B1 )  nˆ  ( B2 )
nˆ  ( E1 )  nˆ  ( E2 )
nˆ  ( H1 )  nˆ  ( H 2 )

101
Boundary Conditions at a Perfect Conductor :
Et  o n̂  E  0
D n  ρ s  nˆ  D
Bn  0 n̂  B  0
J s  H t  nˆ  H

Js

+ + s+
n
Ht
102
nˆ  ( D )  0
nˆ  ( B )  0
nˆ  ( E )   M s
nˆ  ( H )  0

103
 Wave Equation
    E   E  (  E )   j  H 
2

 j ( J  jeE )
For a Source free medium :
2 E  k 2 E  0 ; k 2   2 e
2
 H k H 0
2 2
; k  /v 


104
  2
E  2
E  2
E
 E  k 0 E  0  2  2  2  k 02 E
2 2

x y z
 2 Ei  2 E i  2 Ei
   k 0 Ei  0
2
, i  x, y , z
x 2
y 2
z 2

Solve for E x ( x, y , z ), Using separation of variables 

k 2x  k y2  k z2  k 02
 jks x  jk y y  jkz z
   
E x  Ae , Let k  a x k x  a y k y  a z k z
   
r  ax x  a y y  az z

105
E x  Ae  jk r , Similarly E y  Be  jk r , E z  Ce  jk r
E  E 0 e  jk  r Since   E  0  k  E 0  0
The vector E 0 is perpendicu lar to the direction of propagatio n k.
The solution is called plane wave
  E   j 0 H
1 1 1
H    E 0 e  jk  r  E 0  e  jk  r  k  E 0 e  jk  r
j 0 j 0  0
k0 e0 1
 nE  n  E  Y0 n  E  nE
 0  0 0
 0 is the interensic impedance of free space  377
Y0 is the intrinsic admittance of free space.

106
  e
 
    j  j e  (1  j)
je 2
1 2
s  
 
j  1
  (1  j)  (1  j )
 2  s

107
The field amplitude decays exponentially from its surface
According to e-u/s where u is the normal distance into th
Conductor, s is the skin depth

2
s  , J  E

The surface Impedance :
1 j
Zm  , Et  Z m J s  Z m n̂  H
 s
108
Parallel Polarization

x e
Er
e0 n2 Et
n3
2 3
1 z
n1
E ijk n r
Ei  E1e 0 1 1 , H i  Y0n1  Ei
Er  E2e  jk0n2 r1 , H r  Y0n2  Er
e0
k0   0e , Y0 
0
109
  jk n3  r1
Et  E3e , H t  Y n3  Et
Y  nY0 , k  k0 , n  e
k0n1 x  k0n2 x  kn3 x  nk0n3 x
 
n1  a x sin 1  a z cos 1
 
n2  a x sin  2  a z cos 2
 
n3  a x sin  3  a z cos  3
1   2 sin 1  n sin  3
E1 x  E1 cos 1 , E1z   E1 sin 1
E2 x  E2 cos  2 , E1z  E2 sin  2
E3 x  E3 cos  3 , E1z   E3 sin  3

110
Under steady-state sinusoidal time-varying
Conditions, the time-average energy stored in the
Electric field is
1 1
We  Re  E  D dV   e E  E *dV
*

4V 4V
If e is constant and real, then
e
We   E E *
dV
4 V

111
Time average energy stored in the magnetic field is :
1
Wm  Re  H  B dV
*

4V

   dV if  is real and constant
*
H H
4V
The time average power tran smitted across a closed
surface S is given by :
1
P  Re  E  H *  dS
2 S

112
  E  H *  (  E )  H *  (  H * )  E
 ( jB  M )  H *  jD *  E  E  J *
J  J s  E
1 1
    E  H dV    E  H *  dS
*

2V 2S
  1
 j  ( B  H *  E  D * )dV   ( E  J *  H *  M s )dV
2V 2V
 B  H * E  D*  1
 2 j  
  
dV   ( E  J *
 H *
 M s )dV
V
4 4  2V

113
If the medium is characteri zed by :
e  e   je ,     - j  and conductivi ty 
1 1
-  ( E  J Ss  H  M S ) dV   E  H *  dS 
*

2V 2S
1 
 E  E dV       e   ) dV 
* * *
( H H E E
2V 2 V


     e  
* *
j ( H H E E ) dV
2 V

1
P0   E  H *  dS
2S

114
  1
P       e   )dV    
* * *
( H H E E E E dV
2V 2V
 Time average power loss

1
Ps    ( E  J s  H s  M s )dV
*

2V
1  H  H *
E  E *

 Im  E  H  dS  2   
*
  e  dV
V
2S 4 4 
 2 (Wm  We )
Ps  P0  P  2 j (Wm  We )
The power delivered by the sources (Ps ) is equal to the sum of
the power tran smitted through t he surface P0 , the power lost to heat
in the volume ( P ) and 2 times the reactive energy stored in the
volume.
115
 L R
I

C
V
1 * 1 1 j
VI  ZII *  II * ( R  jL  )
2 2 2 C
*
1 1 1 II
 RII *  2 j ( LII *  )
2 4 4 C
2

 P  2 j (Wm  We )
P  2 j (Wm  We )
Z 
1 *
II
2
General Definitio n of the impedance of a network

116
  
Let B    A ,   E   jB   j  A
  E  jA   0 , E  jA  
E   jA  
1
H      A  jeE  J   2eA  je  J

    A    A   2 A  k 2 A  je  J ,
k 2   2 e , Let   A   je
or   A   je (Lorentz condition)
 2 A  k 2 A   J Inhomogene ous Helmholtz equation.

 D  0    k   
2 2

e
117
 Solution For Vector Potential

J (x’,y’, z’) R (x,y,z)

r’
r

 e  jkR
A ( x, y , z )  A ( r )  J ( r ) dV  for an infinitism al current
4 R
R  ( x  x ) 2  ( y  y ) 2  ( z  z ) 2  r  r 
 e  jkR
A(r ) 
4 
V
J ( r )
R
dV 

118
 R
g
z

Lumped element circuit model for a transmission line

Ldz I(z,t)+I/z dz
I(z,t)

V(z,t)
Cdz V(z,t)+v/z
dz

119
 2V ( z, t )  2V ( z, t )
 LC 0
z 2
t 2

 2 I ( z, t )  2 I ( z, t )
 LC 0
z 2
t 2

1
v
LC
  z   z
V ( z, t )  V f (t  )  V f (t  )
v v
  z   z
I ( z , t )  I f (t  )  I f (t  )
v v
 V  V L
I  , I  , Zc 
Zc Zc C
Z c : Characteri stic Impedance

120
V g (t )  V g cos t
V ( z )
  jLI ( z )
z
I ( z )
  jCV ( z )
z
d 2V ( z )  2 
2
 2 V ( z)  0 ,   
dz v v
V ( z )  V  e  jz  V  e jz
I ( z )  I  e  jz  I  e jz , I   YcV  , I   YcV 
1 L
Zc   ,    LC
Yc C

121
 Zc
To generator ZL

  Z
V  V  V  VL
  VL 1
I  I  I  IL   (V   V  )
ZL Z c
V
L   Reflecti on coefficien t
V
1  L Z L Z L / Zc  1
 , L 
1  L Z c Z L / Zc  1

122
P  Re(VL I L )  Re Yc V (1  L )(1  L )* 
1 * 1   2

2 2  
1  2
 Yc V (1  L )
2

2
V  V  e  jz  LV  e jz
 V  e  jz  e j V  e jz , L  e j
 
1/ 2

V  V  1     4  sin 2 ( l  )
2

 2 
1 
S
1 
 Z Z  jZ c tan 
Z in  in  L
Z c Z c  jZ L tan 

123
 Transmission Lines & Waveguides

Wave Propagation in the Positive z-Direction is Represented By:e-jz

E  x, y , z   E t  x, y , z   E z  x, y , z 
 et x, y e  jz  ez x, y e  jz
H  x, y , z   H t  x, y , z   H z  x, y , z 
 ht  x, y e  jz  hz x, y e  jz
  E  ( t  ja z )  ( et  ez )e  jz   j ( ht  hz )e  jz
 t  e  ja z  e   t  ez  ja z  ez   j ( ht  hz )e  jz
 t  et   jhz ,  t  ht  jeez
 t  ht  jhz ,  t  et  jez

124
Modes Classification:

1. Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Waves

Ez  H z  0
2. Transverse Electric (TE), or H Modes

Ez  0 , but H z  0

3. Transverse Magnetic (TM), or E Modes

Hz  0 , But Ez  0
4. Hybrid Modes
Hz  0 , Ez  0

125
TEM WAVES

 t  ht  0 ,  t  et  0
 t  et  0 , â z  e t   0 h t
 t  ht  0 , â z  h t  e 0 e t
e  x, y    t   x, y   0   Scalar Pot ential
  t   x, y   0
2

E t  et e  jz   t  ( x, y )e  jz
H t   ht e  jz  Y0 aˆ z  e e  jz

126
 e 1
Y0   ,  0  Wave Impedance
 Z0
Ex Ey
   0
Hy Hx
 for wave propagatio n in the  or - z direction
The field must satisfy Helmholtz equation :
 2 Et  k 02 Et  0 , but    t  j a z ,  2   t2   2
 t2 Et  (k 02   ) Et  0 ,  t [ t2  (k 02   ) ]  0
   k 0 for TEM waves

127
 TE WAVES

2 H  k 2 H  0
( t   2 )hz ( x, y )  k 2 hz  0
2

 t  ( k 2   2 )hz  0 , let k c2  k 2   2
2

 t h z  k c2 hz  0
2

 t  et   j hz , a z  et  ht
 t  ht  0 , a z   t hz  ja z  ht   jee
 t  ht  jhz ,  t  et  0

128
 j
 ht   2  t hz
kc
 0 k 
et   aˆ z  ht   Z 0 aˆ z  ht ; 0 
  e
k
Zh   0  Wave Impedance

ex ey
  Zh
hy hx

129
TM WAVES

2 E  k 2 E  0
( t   2 )e z ( x, y )  k 2 e z  0
2

 t e z  ( k 2   2 )e z  0 , let k c2  k 2   2
2

 t e z  k c2 e z  0
2

j
 et   2  t e z
kc
ht  Ye aˆ z  e
k
Ye  Y0  Wave Admittance


130
 TEM TRANSMISSION LINES

Two-wire Coaxial
Parallel -plate

131
 COAXIAL LINES

a b

e
1   1  2 
(r ) 2  0 for 0
r r r r  2

  C1 ln r  C 2   V0 at r  a ,   0 at r  0
ln( r / b)
  V0
ln( a / b)
V0 V0
E  a r e - jkz and H   Y0 a  e - jkz
r ln( b / a ) r ln( b / a )
e
Y0 


132
 V0
J s  nˆ  H  aˆ r  H  Y0 aˆ z e - jkz
a ln( b / a )
2
V0 2V0 - jkz
I  Y0  ade  Y0
- jkz
e
a ln( b / a ) 0 ln( b / a )
b 2
1  Y V 2
P  Re   E  H * aˆ z rdrd  0 0
2 a 0
ln( b / a )

• THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF A COAXIAL IS Z0

V0 1 b
Zc   ln   Ohms
I 0 2Y0  a 

133
Zc OF COAXIAL LINE AS A FUNCTION OF b/a

100

10
b/a

220
200

240

260
20

40

60

80
0

100

120

140

160

180

X = er Z o

134
k  k 0 (e r  je r)1 / 2 and Y  Y0 (e r  je r)1 / 2
e
er   (e r  je r) For small losses e   e 
e0
e r 1 / 2 e rk 0
jk    j  j e r k 0 (1  j )  j e r k 0 
e r 2 e r
e rk 0
 ,   e r k 0
2 e r
E   t  e  jkz , H  Yaˆ z  E , k  k 0 e r
Y  e r Y0 e r is equivalent to the conductivi ty 
J  E
135
The power loss per unit length is :
1 e  *
P   J  J dS   E  E dS
*

2 S 2 S
z P
P  P0 e , -  P  2P
z
Y *  e  e r
P   E  E dS , d    k0
2S 2Y 2Y0 e r 2 e r
The power loss due to the conductor loss :
1 j 1 R
Zm  , P  Re Z m  J s  J s d  m  H s  H s d
* *

 s 2 S1  S2
2 S1  S2

1
P Re  E  H * dS
2
RmY b  a e
c  , Y  Y0
2 ln( b / a ) ab e0
136
 Qc OF COAXIAL LINE AS A FUNCTION OF Zo

3400
Q-Coppe r of Coa xia l Line

3200

3000
Qc
2800
b f GHz
2600

2400

2200

2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
er Z
c

137
 TEM Modes
 t2  ( x, y )  0 0  x  w, y
0yd
d
 (x, y)  A  By  (x,0)  0,
 (x, d)  V0
x
V0 y V0 w
 ( x, y )  , e ( x, y )   t    yˆ
d d
 jkz V0  jkz
E ( x, y )  e ( x, y )e   yˆ e
d
V0  jkz d
H ( x, y )  zˆ  E  xˆ e , V   E y dy  V0 e  jkz
d 0

w w wV0  jkz
I   J s  zˆdx   ( yˆ  H )  zˆdx  e
0 0 d

138
 2 
 2  kc2 ez ( x, y )  0
 y 
ez ( x, y )  A sin kc y  B cos kc y
ez ( x, y )  0 at y  0, d
B0 , kc d  n , n  0,1,2,3,....
n 2
  K ( 2
)
d
n
ez ( x, y )  An sin y
d
n
E z ( x, y, z )  An sin y e - j z
d
je n
H x ( x, y , z )  An cos y e - j z
kc d

139
  j n
E y ( x, y , z )  An cos y e - jz , E x  H y  0
kc d
kc 
fc  
2 e 2d e
The wave impedance of the TM modes is :
Ey  
Z TM    
H x e k
 2
vp  , g 
 
1 w d 1 w d
P0    E  H  zˆdydx     E y H x* dydx
*

2 x 0 y 0 2 x 0 y 0
 Re(  )ed
for n  0
2
 An
 4k c2

 Re(  )ed
 for n  0
2
A
 2 n
 2k c

140
Attenuatio n due to conductor loss
P
c 
2 P0
 Rs  w 2  2 e 2 Rs w
P  2   J s dx 
2
An
 2   2
x 0 kc
2Rs 2kRs
c   Np/m for n  0
d d

141
 2 
 2  k c2 hz ( x, y )  0
 y 
hz ( x, y )  A sin k c y  B cos k c y
e x ( x, y )  0 at y  0, d
A0 , k c d  n , n  1,2,3,....
n 2
  k2 ( )
d
n
hz ( x, y )  Bn cos y
d
n
H z ( x, y, z )  Bn cos y e - jz
d
j n
E x ( x, y , z )  Bn sin y e - jz
kc d

142
 j n
H y ( x, y , z )  Bn sin y e - jz , E y  H x  0
kc d
kc 
fc  
2 e 2d e
The wave impedance of the TM modes is :
E  k
Z TE  x  
Hy  
 2
vp  , g 
 
1 w d 1 w d
P0    E  H  zˆdydx    E x H *y dydx
*

2 x 0 y 0 2 x 0 y 0
dw
 Bn Re(  ) For n  0
2
2
4k c
2k c2 Rs
c  Np/m
kd
143
 COUPLED LINES EVEN & ODD
MODES OF EXCITATIONS

AXIS OF EVEN SYMMETRY AXIS OF ODD SYMMETRY

P.M.C. P.E.C.

EVEN MODE ELECTRIC ODD MODE ELECTRIC

FIELD DISTRUBUTION FIELD DISTRIBUTION

Z 0e =EVEN MODE CHAR. Z 0o =ODD MODE CHAR.

IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE

Equal currents are flowing Equal &opposite currents are

in the two lines flowing in the two lines
144