Discrete Time Signals and

Systems
Nafi Ahmad
Why Discrete time?
• You could say world is full of continuous systems
• For example sound waves continuous over time
• Few important reasons.
• We can get DTS by sampling CTS
• Computers works great with DTS rather than CTS
• Mp3, digital video all uses sampling
• We can also have discrete signals, like stock market.
CTS vs DTS
• We can get DTS by sampling CTS
• Differential eqn in CTS is analogous
to Difference eqn in DTS
• Derivatives and Integrals in CTS are
Difference and Sum in DTS
• Fourier and Laplace- transform in
CTS and Discrete FT and Z-
transform in DTS respectvely
Memoryless System
Linear Systems
• System that follows the principle of superposition is linear system.
• Principle of superpositionis combination of 2 diff laws
• 1. Law of additivity
• 2. Law of homoginity (product)
• Eqn 2.27
Time invariant
Causal
• Output of system is independent of future values of input
• So output should not depend on future values of input.
• e.g. y[t] = x[t]
• All real life/practical systems are causal.
Stable
• BIBO
• Bounded Input Bounded Output
• Output should be bounded for bounded input foreach and every
stage of time.
• Bounded input: input signals input has finite amplitude
LTI
• In general, the system H maps its
input signal x(t) to a corresponding
output signal y(t).
• The system is linear, so it obeys the
principle of superposition.
• H{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
• The system is time-invariant, so its
characteristics do not change with
time.
• H{x(t−τ)}=y(t−τ)
Impulse Response
• The impulse that is referred to in the term impulse response is
generally a short-duration time-domain signal. For continuous-time
systems, this is the Dirac delta function δ(t), while for discrete-time
systems, the Kronecker delta function δ[n] is typically used.
• A system's impulse response (often annotated as h(t) for CTS or h[n]
for DTS) is defined as the output signal that results when an impulse
is applied to the system input.
• Why is this useful? It allows us to predict what the system's output
will look like in the time domain.
Impulse Response of DTS
• If we can decompose the system's input signal into a sum of a bunch
of components, then the output is equal to the sum of the system
outputs for each of those components.
• What if we could decompose our input signal into a sum of scaled and
time-shifted impulses? Then, the output would be equal to the sum
of copies of the impulse response, scaled and time-shifted in the
same way.
• For discrete-time systems, this is possible, because you can write any
signal x[n]x[n] as a sum of scaled and time-shifted Kronecker delta
functions:
Impulse Response of DTS
• Each term in the sum is an impulse scaled by the value of x[n] at that
time instant.
• What would we get if we passed x[n] through an LTI system to yield
y[n]?
• Simple: each scaled and time-delayed impulse that we put in yields a
scaled and time-delayed copy of the impulse response at the output.