IEEE 802.

16
MAC and PHY Specifications
for Broadband WMAN

長庚大學資工系 陳仁暉

Tel : (03) 211-8800 ext. 5990

E-mail: jhchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw

CGU NDSL WMAN - 1

Resources

Part Source : Roger B. Marks, National Institute of Standards and

Technology Boulder, Colorado, USA
Chair, IEEE 802.16 Working Group
http://WirelessMAN.org

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Broadband Access to Buildings

• Metro Ethernet
– 802.11 Wireless Ethernet

• First/Last mile access

– Fast local connection to network
– Target Applications (similar as DSL and CableModem)
» Data
» Voice
» Video distribution
» Real-time videoconferencing

• High-capacity cable/fiber to every user is expensive

– Network operators demand it
– Business and residential customers demand it

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Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

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Application

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 Features (1/2)
• Broad bandwidth
– Up to 134.4 Mbit/s in 28 MHz channel (in 10-66 GHz) (UWB ?)
» 32Mb/s - 134.4Mb/s
» 20/25/28MHz per channel
– line of sight is required and multipath is negligible (short
wavelength).
• Supports multiple services simultaneously with full QoS
– Efficiently transport IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Ethernet, etc.
– Wireless transportation system.
• Bandwidth on demand (frame by frame)
– Similar to HIPERLAN Type II (frame-based protocol)
– Centralized control
• MAC designed for efficient used of spectrum
• Comprehensive, modern, and extensible security
()tensions to mobility are coming next.
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Features (2/2)

• Supports multiple frequency allocations from 2-66 GHz

in 802.16 (10-66GHz) and 802.16a (2-11GHz)
– Single carrier (SC) for line-of-sight situations
– OFDM and OFDMA for non-line-of-sight situations
» OFDMA : orthogonal frequency division multiple access
• Access schemes:
– TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex)
• Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and coding
• Point-to-multipoint (star) topology and mesh network
extension
• Support for adaptive antennas and space-time coding
(in 802.16a)
• Extensions to mobility. (IEEE 802.16e started from
Jan. 2003) ()tensions to mobility are coming next.
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IEEE 802.16 Standard and amendments
• Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (FBWA) Systems
• Air Interface (MAC and PHY)
– Band 10-66GHz (ranges 1/2/3 : 10-23.5GHz/23.5-43.5GHz/43.5-
66GHz) 25/28MHz per channel
– line-of-sight (LOS) requirement
– One PHY
» WirelessMAN-SC (Single Carrier)
– Point-to-Multipoint Topology (Star)
– TDD/FDD with burst profile option (depending on SNR)
– Completed in October 2001
– Published in April 2002
• Followup interoperability projects
– 802.16c (Profiles): published in Jan 2003
– 802.16.1 (PICS): in ballot; completion expected Mar 2003
» PICS : Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement
– 802.16.2 (“10-66GHz Coexistence of FBWA Systems”)
» Focus on 23.5 to 43.5 GHz (local multipoint distribution service
(LMDS), millimeter wave, etc.,)
» WiMAX submitted proposal in Jan 2003 CGU NDSL WMAN - 8
IEEE 802.16a Standard
• “Medium Access Control Modifications and Additional Physical
Layer Specifications for 2–11 GHz”
– Band 2-11GHz
– Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) requirement and Multi-path issue
– Near-LOS
– License-exempt band 5-6 GHz (802.11a and HIPERLAN II)
– Three PHYs
» WirelessMAN-SC2 (single carrier)
» WirelessMAN-OFDM (multiple carriers with 256-point transform)
• is mandatory for license exempt bands
» WirelessMAN-OFDMA (multiple carriers with 2048-point transform)
• Multiple access is provided by addressing a subset of the multiple carriers to
individual receivers.
– Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) is optional
– Add mesh network topology (MAC)
– provide automatic repeat request (ARQ) – retransmission (MAC)
– Completed in November 2002 and Approved April 2003
• IEEE 802.16e (mobility) first meeting in 2004 D5
• IEEE 802.16.2a (coexistence including 2-11GHz)
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IEEE 802.16a Standard

• license-exempt bands below 11 GHz

– The PHY and MAC introduce mechanisms such as dynamic
frequency selection (DFS) to detect and avoid interference.

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IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard

• IEEE Std 802.16™-2004

– “Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access
Systems” - IEEE 802.16d
– Approved 24 June 2004
– This standard revises and consolidates IEEE Std 802.16-
2001, IEEE Std 802.16a™-2003, and IEEE Std 802.16c™-
2002.

• IEEE Std 802.16f

– MIB (Management Information Base)

• IEEE Std 802.16g

– System/resource/handover Management
– Interoperability

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IEEE 802.16e
• Enhance IEEE 802.16-2004
• PHY is similar to 802.16-2004
– Focus on 2-6GHz
– 1.75-20MHZ per channel
– Enhance OFDMA PHY
» Supports 2048-point, 1024-point, 512-point and 128-point FFT
• Data rate
– 10Mhz/channel, OFDM-64QAM provides 30Mbps
• Max. moving speed : 120km/h
• Range : several Kms
• Chip appears in 2006
• vs. IEEE 802.20
– Below 3.5GHz
– Max. moving speed : 250Km/h (high-speed train)
– vs. 3G
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802.16 Air Interface

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WiMAX Evolution

Source : Siemens, 2004

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WiMAX Forum

• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access)
– Like WECA in IEEE 802.11 WLAN
• Mission:
– To promote deployment of BWA by using a global standard
and certifying interoperability of products and technologies.
• Principles:
– Support IEEE 802.16x
– 2-66 GHz (16a : 2-11 GHz and 16 : 10-66GHz)
– Propose access profiles for the IEEE 802.16 standard
– Guarantee known interoperability level
– Open for everyone to participate
• Developing & submitting baseline test specs

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Point-to-Multipoint configuration
• Two components
– Subscriber Stations (SSs)
» SS typically serves a building (business or residence)
– Base Station (BS)
» connected to public networks
» BS serves Subscriber Stations
» provide SS with first-mile(or last mile) access to public networks

• Compared to a Wireless LAN

– Multimedia QoS
– not only contention-based
– connection-oriented
– Many more users
– Much higher data rates
– Much longer distances

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Mesh Topology (defined in 802.16a)
• Dynamic topology
– Self-organizing network
– More complicated

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 IEEE 802.16 vs. ETSI
• Frequent communications between 802.16 WG and ETSI
(European Telecom Standards Institute)

• ETSI HIPERACCESS
– Above 11 GHz (outdoor , 11- 40GHz, 5Km, 25Mb/s)
– ETSI began first, but IEEE finished first
– 802.16 has encouraged harmonization

• ETSI HIPERMAN
– Below 11 GHz (outdoor)
– IEEE began first HIPERMAN
– Healthy cooperation
– Harmonized with 802.16a OFDM

• ETSI HIPERLAN • ETSI HIPERLINK

–5GHz –17GHz (150m,
(indoor/outdoor) point-2-point)
–6-54Mb/s –155Mb/s (OC3)
–Irrelative with 802.16 –Irrelative with 802.16
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IEEE 802.16 Working Group
Below 11GHz 10-66 GHz

802.16e 802.16-2001
MAC Mobility
TDMA
Enhancem 802.16c
TDD/FDD
ents 802.16-2004
(scability) System
802.16a (802.16REVd)
SCa Profile
PHY
SOFDMA OFDM-256
OFDM-2048

802.16f: MIB for 802.16-2004

NetMAN
802.16g: Mgmt. Plane Procedures and Services
Conf.-01: PICS ProFo.
Conformance Conf.-02: Test Suites
Conf.-03: Radio Tests

Coexistence 802.16.2-2001 802.16.2 REVa

Coexistence
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MAC Overview
• Connection-oriented
• Supports difficult user environments
• High bandwidth, hundreds of users per channel
• For variable Continuous and burst traffic
• Very efficient use of spectrum
• Protocol-Independent core (ATM, IP, Ethernet, …)
• Balances between stability of contentionless and
efficiency of contention-based operation
• Negotiate the burst profile between sender and
receiver
• Flexible QoS offerings
– CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR, BE, with granularity within classes
• Supports multiple 802.16 PHYs
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 Protocol Stack

ATM packet
SSCS

Packet convergence
Sublayer (PCS)

(security sublayer 16-2004)

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802.16 MAC Reference Model
• Convergence Sublayer (CS)
– Mapping external network data into MAC SDU
» Classifying external network SDU
» Associating to MAC connection ID
» Payload header suppression
• Common Part Sublayer (CPS)
– Core MAC functionality
» System access
» Bandwidth allocation
» Connection establishment
» Connection maintenance
• Security Sublayer
– Authentication
– Security key exchange
– Encryption
• PHY
– Multiple sections
» Each appropriate to a frequency range and application

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Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)

• The CS performs the following functions:

– accepting higher-layer PDUs from the higher layer
– performing classification of higher-layer PDUs
– processing (if required) the higher-layer PDUs based on the
classification
– delivering CS PDUs to the appropriate MAC SAP
– receiving CS PDUs from the peer entity
• Currently, two CS specifications are provided
– Asyncronous Transfer Mode (ATM) CS
– Packet CS
» Such as IP, PPP, Ethernet, etc.,
– Other CSs may be specified in the future.

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Packet Convergence Sublayer (PCS)

• Packet convergence sublayer (PCS)

– The packet CS resides on top of the Common Part Sublayer
(CPS)
• The PCS performs the following functions, utilizing
the services of the MAC sublayer:
a) Classification of the higher-layer protocol PDU into the
appropriate connection
b) Suppression of payload header information (optional)
c) Delivery of the resulting CS PDU to the MAC SAP
associated with the service flow for transport to the peer
MAC SAP
d) Receipt of the CS PDU from the peer MAC SAP
e) Rebuilding of any suppressed payload header information
(optional)

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 Packet Process Procedure
• A classifier is a set of matching criteria applied to each packet
– It consists of some protocol-specific packet matching criteria
(destination IP address, for example), a classifier priority, and a
reference to a CID.
• The service flow characteristics of the connection provide the
QoS for that packet
• Several classifiers may each refer to the same service flow.
• Downlink classifiers are applied by the BS to packets it is
transmitting and uplink classifiers are applied at the SS.
• a packet fails to match the set of defined classifiers. CS/SS shall
discard the packet.

SFID SFID/QoS QoS

CID/SFID mapper Parameters
CID
Packet Classifier(s) PHSI (used in
mapper PHS ruler scheduler)
SFID/PHSI (sender)
CID/PHSI (receiver)
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Common Part Sublayer (CPS)

• The MAC CPS provides the core MAC functionality of

system access, bandwidth allocation, connection
establishment, and connection maintenance:
a) System Access
b) Bandwidth Request/Allocation
c) Connection Establishment/Maintenance
e) Quality of Service (QoS)

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Security Sublayer

• The security sublayer providing

a) authentication,
b) secure key exchange, and
c) Encryption

• Two component protocols

– Encapsulation protocol
» Cryptographic suites
– Key management protocol (PKM)
» Create and exchange traffic encryption key (TEK)

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 Classifications
• A MAC SDU is mapped onto a particular connection
for transmission between MAC peers
– According to protocol-specific packet matching criteria (e.g.
destination IP address), classifier priority and a reference to
a CID (connection ID)
» creates an association with the service flow ID (SFID) 32 bits

service flow ID
(SFID)
PHS PHS
Conn. ID
(CID) CID+PHSI
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Classifications

service flow ID
(SFID)
PHS
Conn. ID
(CID)

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Classifications

• A MAC SDU is mapped onto a particular connection

for transmission between MAC peers
– according to protocol-specific packet matching criteria (e.g.
IP address), classifier priority and a reference to a CID. SS
and BS use multiple classifiers.
• Each classifier contains a priority field which
determines the search order for the classifier.
– Searching algorithm is similar to policy-based search
algorithm (e.g. Firewall)
• Classifiers can be added by dynamic signaling.
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)-
based operations can only view Classifiers, no
add/delete

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Payload Header Suppression (PHS)
• For some payload protocols, each payload consists
of an 8-bit payload header suppression index
(PHSI) followed by the actual payload.
– A value of zero in the PHSI indicates no payload header
suppression has been applied to the PDU. Otherwise, the
value in the index identifies the rules for suppression.

8-bit
MAC header

PHSI refer the payload header

suppression field (PHSF)
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Payload Header Suppression (PHS)
• If PHS is enabled at MAC connection, each MAC SDU
is prefixed with a PHSI, which references the Payload
Header Suppression Field (PHSF).
• The classifier uniquely maps packets to its associated
PHS Rule.
• The receiving entity uses the CID and the PHSI to
restore the PHSF. (CID+PHSI PHSF/PHSM/PHSS)
• When a classifier is deleted, any associated PHS rule
shall also be deleted.

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• PHS
operation

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Payload Header Suppression (PHS) Rule

• Payload header suppression valid (PHSV) : option to verify or

not verify the payload header before suppressing it
• Payload header suppression mask (PHSM) option to allow
select bytes not to be suppressed.
– Such as IP sequence numbers should not be supressed
• Payload header suppression size (PHSS)
• Payload header suppression field (PHSF)
• Payload header suppression index (PHSI)
• Service flow ID (SFID).

• PHS rules are indexed by the combination of (SFID, PHSI)

• Preconfigured header format or higher-level signaling protocols
are outside the scope of specification

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PHS with masking

A,C,E are compressed

Only sends B and E

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PHS Rules

• The BS shall define the PHSI when the PHS Rule is

created
• The SS or BS may define the PHSS and PHSF.
• To change the value of a PHSF on a service flow, a
new PHS rule shall be defined
• It is possible to partially specify a PHS rule (in
particular the size of the rule) at the time a service
flow is created
– Values of some fields [for example: IP addresses, User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) port numbers, etc.] may be
unknown and would be provided in a subsequent DSC as
part of the activation of the service flow
– using the “Set PHS Rule” DSC Action

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PHS Signaling
• PHS requires the creation of the following three
objects:
a) Dynamic Service Flow (DSA/DSC/DSD)
– Addition/Change/Deletion
b) Classifier
c) PHS rule (PHSI is assigned by BS since BS has many SSs)

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Connection ID (CID)

• A unidirectional mapping between BS and SS MAC

peers for the purpose of transporting a service flow’s
traffic
• Connections are identified by a connection identifier
(CID)
• All traffic is carried on a connection, even for service
flows that implement connectionless protocols
• CID maps to a service flow identifier (SFID), which
defines the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters of
the service flow associated with that connection.
• Security associations (SAs) also exist between
keying material and CIDs.

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Connection ID (CID)

• Connections are identified by a 16-bit CID

• At SS initialization, three management connections in

each direction (uplink and downlink) shall be
established between the SS and the BS.
– The Basic Connection is used for exchanging short, time-
urgent management messages.
» such as DBPC-REQ/RSP : Downlink Burst Profile Change
Req/Rsp, RNG-REQ/RSP : Ranging Req/Rsp
– The Primary Management Connection is used for
exchanging longer, more delay tolerant MAC management
messages.
» Such as DSA/DSC/DSD_REQ/RSP/ACK, REG_REQ/RSP
– The Secondary Management Connection is used for
transferring delay tolerant, standards based DHCP, TFTP,
SNMP, etc., management messages.

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Connection ID (CID)

• BS returns Basic CID and Primary CID to SS via

RNG-RSP messages.
• BS returns Secondary CID to SS via REG-RSP
messages (optional).
• The same CID value is assigned to both members
(uplink and downlink) of each connection pair.
• Many higher-layer sessions may operate over the
same wireless CID.

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Connection ID (CID)

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MAC Protocol

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MAC overview
• Wireless link operates with sectorized antenna is
capable of handling multiple independent sectors
simultaneously (channel reuse)
• Subscriber stations share the uplink to the BS on a
demand basis.
• Four different types of uplink scheduling mechanisms
– unsolicited bandwidth grants (CBR)
– Polling (unicast polling)
» guarantees applications receive service on a deterministic basis
(delay tolerant services)
– contention procedures
» contention may be used to avoid individual polling of SSs that
have been inactive for a long period (multicast/broadcast polling)
– Bandwidth stealing
» a portion of the bandwidth allocated in response to a bandwidth
request for a connection to send another bandwidth request
rather than sending data
– Piggyback (via grant subheader ; w/o scheduling)
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MAC overview
• Service flows provide a mechanism for uplink and
downlink QoS management.
– In particular, they are integral to the bandwidth allocation
process.
– An SS requests uplink bandwidth on a per connection basis
(implicitly identifying the service flow).
– Bandwidth is granted by the BS to an SS as an aggregate of
grants in response to per connection requests from the SS.

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 OFDM Frame Structure with TDD
Time

Frame n-1 Frame n Frame n+1

DL Subframe UL Subframe

T R
DL DL DL UL-Trans. UL-Trans.
Premble FCH T T
Burst#1 Burst#2 Burst#3 from SS #1 from SS #2
G G
RNG-REQ BW-REQ
Slots Slots

DLFP MPDU ... MPDU Pad Preamble UL burst

DL-MAP, UL-MAP,
DCD, UCD
MPDUs
MPDU ... MPDU Pad

DLFP: Downlink Frame Prefix

FCH: Frame Control Header MAC
TTG: Transmission Transition Gap Payload CRC-32
header
RTG: Receive Transition Gap
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OFDM frame structure with FDD (download)

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OFDM frame structure with FDD (upload)

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MPDU format
CRC capability is mandatory
for SCa, OFDM and OFDMA PHY layers

6 octets MAC PDU formats

HT=0 Generic HT=1

Bandwidth Request

Connections are identified by a 16-bit CID.

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Generic MAC Header

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Type encodings (in Generic Header)

Type bits

Bit mapping
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Bandwidth Request MAC Header

000 : incremental (BS adds the needed quantity of CID)

001 : aggregate (BS replaces the needed quantity of CID)

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Bandwidth Request

• The Bandwidth Request shall have the following

properties:
a) length of the header = 6 bytes
b) EC field = 0 (indicating no encryption)
c) CID (Basic) indicates the connection for which uplink
bandwidth is requested.
d) Bandwidth Request (BR) field indicates the number of bytes
requested.
e) The allowed types for bandwidth requests are “000” for
incremental and “001” for aggregate.

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Subheader Types
• Five types of subheaders
– Mesh
– Grant Management
– Fragmentation
– Packing
– FAST-FEEDBACK_Allocation (MIMO)
• The subheaders are inserted in MAC PDUs immediately
following the Generic MAC header
– Sequence
» Grant -> Fragmentation
» Mesh -> others
» others -> Fast-Feedback_allocation
– The Packing and Fragmentation subheaders are mutually exclusive
and shall not both be present within the same MAC PDU
– The only per-SDU subheader is the Packing subheader

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MPDU Transmission
long Ethernet packet Short ATM cells

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Concatenation
• Mandatory capability
• Multiple MAC PDUs may be concatenated into a
single transmission in either the uplink or downlink
directions.
• each MAC PDU is identified by a unique CID

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Packing

• The capability of unpacking is mandatory.

• pack multiple MAC SDUs into a single MAC PDU.
– Differs from concatenation
• Packing makes use of the connection attribute
indicating whether the connection carries fixed-
length or variable-length packets.
• The construction of PDUs varies for ARQ and non-
ARQ connections with respect to packing and
fragmentation syntax

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 Packing for non-ARQ connections
• Packing fixed-length MAC SDUs (Generic MAC Header
Type = 000000)
– the Request/Transmission Policy shall be set to allow packing and
prohibit fragmentation, and the SDU size shall be included in DSA-
REQ message when establishing the connection
– If the MAC SDU size is n bytes, the receiver unpacks simply by
knowing that the length field in the MAC header will be n×k+j,
where k is the number of MAC SDUs packed into the MAC PDU
and j is the size of the MAC header and any prepended MAC
subheaders.
– no added overhead

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Packing for non-ARQ connections

• Packing variable-length MAC SDUs

– indication of where one MAC SDU ends and another begins.
– the MAC attaches a Packing subheader (PSH) to each
MAC SDU
– unfragmented MAC SDUs and MAC SDU fragments may
both be present in the same MAC PDU

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Packing for non-ARQ connections

• Simultaneous fragmentation and packing allows

efficient use of the airlink
• when a Packing subheader (PSH) is present, the
fragmentation information for individual MAC SDUs or
MAC SDU fragments is contained in the
corresponding Packing subheader.
• Else (If no PSH is present), the fragmentation
information for individual MAC SDU fragments is
contained in the corresponding Fragmentation
subheader (FSH)

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Packing for non-ARQ connections

PSH

FSH

PSH

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Packing for ARQ-enabled connections
• Each of the packed MAC SDU or MAC SDU fragments
or ARQ feedback payload requires its own Packing
subheader
• A MAC SDU may be partitioned into multiple fragments
that are then packed into the same MAC PDU for the first
transmission.
• MAC PDUs may have fragments from the same or
different SDUs, including a mix of first transmissions and
retransmissions.
• The 11-bit BSN and 2-bit FC fields uniquely identify each
fragment or non-fragmented SDU.

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 Payload Type
• Payload Type indicates whether MAC subheaders
(Packing/Fragmentation/Grant) present or not.

packing/
fragmentation

000100

000011

packing/
fragmentation/
grant/
p+g/
f+g

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MAC Subheader

• Three types of MAC subheaders may be present.

– The fragmentation subheader contains information that
indicates the presence and orientation in the payload of any
fragments of SDUs. (e.g. long Ethernet packet)
– The grant management subheader is used by an SS to
convey bandwidth management needs to its BS.
– The packing subheader is used to indicate the packing of
multiple SDUs into a single PDU. (e.g. ATM cells)

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Fragmentation Subheader format

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 Grant Subheader format
If the CID is classified as UGS

(incremental mode)

is used to request to be polled for a different, non-UGS connection

set when service flow has exceeded its transmit queue depth

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Packing Subheader format

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MAC Management Messages

• MAC Management messages on the Basic,

Broadcast, and Initial Ranging connections shall
neither be fragmented nor packed.

1 byte

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MAC Management Messages

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MAC Management Messages

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MAC Management Messages

AAS : adaptive antenna system

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SS Initialization Overview

Downlink Sync
Auth.
Key Xchange

Get Uplink Parameters Setup Time

Register Download
Configuration
Ranging File

Setup
connection
Capability Negotiation DHCP and service flow

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Steps

1) Scan for downlink channel and establish

synchronization with the BS
2) Obtain transmit parameters (from UCD message) (uplink
channel descriptor)

3) Perform ranging (RNG-REQ and RNG-RSP)

4) Negotiate basic capabilities
5) Authorize SS and perform key exchange
6) Perform registration
7) Establish IP connectivity (DHCP) optional
8) Establish time of day optional
9) Transfer operational parameters (TFTP) optional
10) Set up connections

Option : indicated by REG-REQ message

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Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD) message

• Configuration Change Count

– Incremented by one (modulo 256) by the BS whenever any of the
values of this channel descriptor change.
– This value is also referenced from the UL-MAP messages.
• Ranging Backoff Start
– Initial backoff window size for initial ranging contention
• Ranging Backoff End
– Final backoff window size for initial ranging contention
• Request Backoff Start
– Initial backoff window size for contention BW requests
• Request Backoff End
– Final backoff window size for contention BW requests
• All above parameters are expressed as a power of 2. Values of
n range 0–15
– the highest order bits shall be unused and set to 0

• The Uplink_Burst_Profile is a compound TLV encoding that

associates with a UIUC (uplink interval usage code)
CGU NDSL WMAN - 73
 Frame Structure (TDD)
DIUC Usage UIUC Usage
0 frame control 0 reserved
1-6 TDM Burst Profiles 1 Request
7-12 TDMA Burst Profiles 2 Initial Ranging SSTG: Subscriber Station Transition Gap
13 reserved 3 reserved DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code
14 Gap 4-9 Data Grant Burst UIUC: Uplink Interval Usage Code
15 End of DL-Map 10 End of UL-Map
11 Gap
OFDM example 12-14 reserved
15 Extended
TTG
TDM Portion SSTG (TDD)
Preamble

Broadcast T
TDM TDM TDM
Control T
DIUC = X
DIUC a DIUC b DIUC c
G
Initial
Ranging
Opportunities
Request
Contention
Opps
SS 1
Scheduled
Data
... SS N
Scheduled
Data
(UIUC = 2) (UIUC = 1) (UIUC = i ) (UIUC = j )
Preamble

DL-MAP UL-MAP

Access Access Bandwidth Bandwidth

Collision Collision
Burst Burst Request Request
Downlink subframe structure Uplink subframe structure CGU NDSL WMAN - 74
Uplink map (UL-MAP) message

• Uplink Channel ID (for Channelized PHY)

• UCD Count
– Matches the value of the Configuration Change Count of the UCD,
which describes the uplink burst profiles that apply to this map.
• Allocation Start Time
– Effective start time of the uplink allocation defined by the UL-MAP
– units are PHY-specific (pp. 153)
» minislots : SC and SCa PHY layers
» symbols and subchannels : OFDM and OFDMA PHY layers

• Map IEs (Information Elements)

– The contents of a UL-MAP IE is PHY-specification dependent.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 75

Uplink interval definition

• Request IE
– BS specifies an uplink interval for bandwidth requests
– The character of this IE changes depending on the type of
CID used in the IE
» Broadcast or multicast CID (poll) : an invitation for SSs to
contend for requests.
» Unicast CID (poll) : an invitation for a particular SS to request
bandwidth
» part of a QoS scheduling scheme that is vendor dependent

– For bandwidth request contention opportunities, the BS shall

allocate a grant that is an integer multiple of the value of
“Bandwidth request opportunity size” (in unit of physical slot
(PS)) which shall be published in each UCD transmission.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 76

Uplink interval definition

• Initial Ranging IE
– An interval is allocated in UL-MAPs
» the maximum round-trip propagation delay plus the
transmission time of the RNG-REQ message
– For ranging contention opportunities, the BS shall allocate a
grant that is an integer multiple of the value of “Ranging
request opportunity size,” (in unit of PS) which shall be
published in each UCD transmission.

• Data Grant Burst Type IEs

– provide an opportunity for an SS to transmit one or more
uplink PDUs.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 77

Ranging request (RNG-REQ) message

• transmitted by the SS
– at initial ranging (initialization) and data grant intervals
(periodically)
– To determine network delay
– To determine power
– To change downlink burst profile

• If sent in a data grant interval, the CID is always

equal to the Basic CID.

the SS received the UCD

CGU NDSL WMAN - 78

Ranging Request (RNG-REQ) message
• when the SS is attempting to join the network, two
parameters are included in the RNG-REQ message
– Requested Downlink Burst Profile (1 byte)
» Bits 0-3 : DIUC
» Bits 4-7 : 4 LSB of Configuration Change Count value
– SS MAC Address

• during initial ranging on the SS’s Basic connection,

the parameter MAC Version is provided
– 1 : 802.16-2001
– 2 : 802.16c-2002 and its predecessors
– 3 : 802.16a-2003 and its predecessors
– 4 : 802.16-2004

• AAS broadcast capability may be included in the

RNG-REQ message:
– Applied for SCa/OFDM/OFDMA
CGU NDSL WMAN - 79
Ranging Request (RNG-REQ) message

• after the SS has received an RNG-RSP, two

parameters are included in the subsequent
RNG-REQ message :
– Requested Downlink Burst Profile (1 byte)
» Bits 0-3 : DIUC
» Bits 4-7 : 4 LSB of Configuration Change Count value
– Ranging Anomalies (1 byte)
» Bit #0 — SS already at maximum power.
» Bit #1 — SS already at minimum power.
» Bit #2 — Sum of commanded timing adjustments is too
large.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 80

Ranging response (RNG-RSP) message

• transmitted by the BS
– in response to a received RNG-REQ
– may also be transmitted asynchronously to send corrections
based on measurements that have been made on other
received data or MAC messages

CGU NDSL WMAN - 81

Ranging response (RNG-RSP) message
• Ranging Status
– 1 = continue, 2 = abort, 3 = success, 4 = rerange
• Timing Adjust Information (signed 32-bit)
• Power Adjust Information (signed 8-bit, 0.25 dB units)
• Downlink Frequency Override
– Center frequency, in kHz,
– SS redoes initial ranging.
• Uplink Channel ID Override
– Licensed bands: The identifier of the uplink channel with which the
SS is to redo initial ranging
– License-exempt bands: The Channel Nr where the SS should redo
initial ranging.
• Downlink Operational Burst Profile (2 bytes)
– Byte 0: the least robust DIUC that may be used by the BS for
transmissions to the SS.
– Byte 1: Configuration Change Count value of DCD defining the burst
profile associated with DIUC.
CGU NDSL WMAN - 82
Ranging response (RNG-RSP) message

• Basic CID (2 bytes)

– A required parameter if the RNG-RSP message is being sent
on the Initial Ranging CID in response to a RNG-REQ
message that was sent on the Initial Ranging CID.
• Primary Management CID (2 bytes)
– A required parameter if the RNG-RSP message is being sent
on the Initial Ranging CID in response to a RNG-REQ
message that was sent on the Initial Ranging CID.
• SS MAC Address (48-bit)
– A required parameter when the CID in the MAC header is the
Initial Ranging CID.
• Offset Frequency Adjust Information (signed 32-
bit, Hz units)
– fine-frequency adjustment within a channel
• AAS broadcast permission

CGU NDSL WMAN - 83

Ranging response (RNG-RSP) message
• WirelessMAN-SCa or WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY-specific
parameters
– Frame Number (3 bytes)
» the corresponding RNG-REQ message or subchannelized initial
ranging indication (for OFDM) was received.
» When Frame Number is included, SS MAC Address shall not appear.
– Initial Ranging Opportunity Number (1 byte)
» Initial Ranging opportunity within the frame in which the corresponding
RNG-REQ message or subchannelized initial ranging indication (for
OFDM) was received.
» If not provided, and Frame Number is included in the message, Initial
Ranging Opportunity is assumed to be one.

• WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY-specific parameter

– Ranging Subchannel

• WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY
– when an initial ranging message based on code division multiple
access (CDMA) is received,
– Ranging code attributes (OFDMA time symbols reference,
subchannel reference, and frame number) CGU NDSL WMAN - 84
Registration request (REG-REQ) message

• Include parameter:
– Primary Management CID (in the generic MAC header)
– The CID in the generic MAC header is the Primary
Management CID for this SS, as assigned in the RNG-RSP
message.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 85

Registration request (REG-REQ) message
• The REG-REQ shall contain the following TLVs:
– Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) Tuple
» Shall be final attribute in the message’s TLV attribute list .
» In Mesh Mode, message digest is calculated using HMAC_KEY_U.
– IP Version
– SS Capabilities Encodings
– Vendor ID Encoding
– Vendor-specific information
– Convergence Sublayer Capabilities
– ARQ Parameters

• For PMP operation, the REG-REQ shall contain the following

TLVs:
– Uplink CID Support
– SS management support
» w/ or w/o secondary management connection
– IP management mode

CGU NDSL WMAN - 86

Registration response (REG-RSP) message

• Include parameter:
– Primary Management CID (in the generic MAC header)
– Response
» 0 = OK
» 1 = Message authentication failure

CGU NDSL WMAN - 87

Registration response (REG-RSP) message

• The REG-RSP shall contain the following TLVs

– SS Capabilities Encodings
» Response to the capabilities of the requester provided in the
REG-REQ.
» indicates whether or not the capabilities may be used.
– IP Version
– Vendor ID Encoding
– Vendor-specific information
– ARQ Parameters
» ARQ and fragmentation parameters specified by the BS to
complete ARQ parameter negotiation for the secondary
management connection.
– IP management mode
» Response to REG-REQ indication of whether or not the
requester wishes to accept IP-based traffic on the Secondary
Management Connection, once the initialization process has
completed.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 88

Contention resolution

• Collisions may occur during Initial Ranging and

Request intervals. After a contention transmission,
– the SS waits for a Data Grant Burst Type IE in a subsequent
map (bandwidth request)
– waits for a RNG-RSP message (initial ranging)

• truncated binary exponential backoff with

– the initial backoff window and the maximum backoff window
are controlled by the BS
– are specified as part of the UCD message and represent a
power-of-two value.

• Request IEs or Initial Ranging IEs allocate contention

intervals in the UL-MAP messages
– Random backoff (in slots) may across multiple intervals
assigned in IEs.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 89

Contention resolution
• retry when
– range timeout (200ms no range response)
– data grant timeout (10ms no data grant - service QoS
dependent)
– Until reaches the maximum number of retries

• while deferring, if SS receives a unicast Request IE or

Data Grant Burst Type IE, it shall stop the contention
resolution process

• BS may set up the Request (or Ranging) Backoff

Start and Request (or Ranging) Backoff End to
emulate an Ethernet-style backoff
– by setting Request (or Ranging) Backoff Start = 0 and
Request (or Ranging) Backoff End = 10 in the UCD message
– Open issue for optimize window (beyond the scope of
standard)
CGU NDSL WMAN - 90
Transmission opportunities

• The size of an individual transmission opportunity for

each type of contention IE shall be published in each
transmitted UCD message.
– The BS shall always allocate bandwidth for contention IEs in
integer multiples of these published values.
– WirelessMAN-SC system for example,
» frame duration =1 ms,
» each PS = 4 symbols, each minislot = 2 PSs,
» uplink preamble =16 symbols = 2 minislots,
» SS transition gap (SSTG) = 24 symbols = 3 minislots.
» For QPSK, each transmission opportunity requires 8
minislots: 3 for the SSTG, 2 for the preamble, and 3 for the
bandwidth request message.
» This payload requirement would be specified as a value of 16
(??? pp. 167) assigned to the UCD TLV “Bandwidth request
opportunity size”

CGU NDSL WMAN - 91

Transmission opportunities
• One Request IE with 24 minislots indicates there will
be three transmission opportunities

CGU NDSL WMAN - 92

PHY Layer

CGU NDSL WMAN - 93

Multiple Access and Duplexing

• On DL, SS addressed by BS in TDM stream

• On UL, SS is allotted a variable length TDMA slot

• Time-Division Duplex (TDD)

– DL & UL time-share the same RF channel
– Dynamic asymmetry (also named as Demand Assigned Multiple
Access : DAMA)
– Half-duplex
– SS does not transmit/receive simultaneously (low cost)

• Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)

– DL & UL on separate RF channels
– Static asymmetry
– Full-duplex SSs supported
– Half-duplex SSs supported
» SS does not transmit/receive simultaneously (low cost)
» Need resynchronization
CGU NDSL WMAN - 94
TDD Frame
• Frame duration: 0.5/1/2 ms (SC) , 2.5/4/5/8/10/12.5/20 ms (OFDM) ,
2/2.5/5/8/10/12.5/20ms (OFDMA)
• Physical Slot (PS) = 4 symbols (SC/a) , 4/sampling_freq (OFDM/A)
• Minislot : A unit of uplink bandwidth allocation equivalent to n physical
slots (PSs), where n = 2m and m is an integer ranging from 0 through
7.
• Time counter (29-bit) resolution equals 1/16 of the PS duration.
– This allows the SS to track the BS clock with a small time offset.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 95

Adaptive Burst Profiles

• Burst profile
– Modulations and FEC
• Dynamically assigned according to link conditions
• Burst by burst, per subscriber station
• Trade-off capacity vs. robustness in real time
• Roughly doubled capacity for the same cell
• Burst profile for downlink broadcast channel is well-
known and robust
– Other burst profiles can be configured “on the fly”
– SS capabilities recognized at registration
» SBC-REQ/RSP

CGU NDSL WMAN - 96

System Parameters

QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM

CGU NDSL WMAN - 97

Radio Link control

• RLC control
– transition of burst profile
– power level
– ranging

• RLC begins with periodic BS broadcast of the burst

profiles that have been chosen for the uplink and
downlink
– according to rain region and equipment capabilities.

• Burst profiles for the downlink/uplink are each tagged with

a Downlink/Uplink Interval Usage Code (DIUC/UIUC).

CGU NDSL WMAN - 98

Ranging and Power Control

• During initialization, the SS performs initial power

leveling and ranging using ranging request (RNG-
REQ) messages transmitted in initial maintenance
windows.

• The adjustments to the SS’s transmit time advance,

as well as power adjustments, are returned to the SS
in ranging response (RNG-RSP) messages.

• For ongoing ranging and power adjustments, the BS

may transmit unsolicited RNG-RSP messages
commanding the SS to adjust its power or timing.
– It is not included in burst profile

CGU NDSL WMAN - 99

Burst Profile
• Set of parameters that describe the uplink or
downlink transmission properties associated with an
interval usage code (IUC).

• The burst profile to use for any uplink transmission is

defined by the Uplink Interval Usage Code (UIUC).
– Each UIUC is mapped to a burst profile in the UCD message

• Each profile contains parameters such as

a) modulation type
b) forward error correction (FEC) type
c) preamble length
d) guard times

CGU NDSL WMAN - 100

Burst Profile
• If the received CINR goes outside of the allowed
operating region, the SS requests a change to a
new burst profile using one of two methods
– If the SS has been granted uplink bandwidth, it shall send
a DBPC-REQ message in that allocation. The BS responds
with a DBPC-RSP message.
– If grant is not available and the SS requires a more robust
burst profile on the downlink, it shall send a RNG-REQ
message in an Initial Ranging interval.
– Note : using the Basic CID of the SS

CGU NDSL WMAN - 101

Burst profile transition

C/(N+I) :carrier to noise and

interference ratio

Ranging request (RNG-REQ)

or downlink burst profile
change request (DBPC-REQ)

As SS receives
unclear signals!

Transition to a more robust burst profile. CGU NDSL WMAN - 102

Burst profile Transition

C/(N+I) :carrier to noise and

interference ratio

As SS receives
strong signals!

Transition to a less robust burst profile.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 103
Burst profile threshold

• C/(N+I) :carrier to noise and interference ratio

CGU NDSL WMAN - 104

 Map relevance and synchronization (TDD)
ATDD : adaptive time division duplexing

CGU NDSL WMAN - 105

Map relevance and synchronization (FDD)

CGU NDSL WMAN - 106

Map relevance

• WirelessMAN-SC PHY & WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY

– Allocation Start Time (AST) is subject to the following
limitations:
» FDD :
• minimum AST value = round trip delay + Tproc ,
• maximum AST value = Tf (i.e., the beginning of the next frame).
» TDD : the AST value is either the ATDD split or the ATDD split
+ T f.
• The allocation shall be within a single frame.

• WirelessMAN-SCa PHY & WirelessMAN-OFDMA

PHY
– Allocation Start Time shall be subject to the following
limitations:
» Minimum value: Allocation Start Time Tf
» Maximum value: Allocation Start Time < 2 × Tf

CGU NDSL WMAN - 107

Optional MAC AAS Support
• Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) - optional
– the use of more than one antenna element, can improve
range and system capacity by adapting the antenna pattern
and concentrating its radiation to each individual subscriber.
• Support in WirelessMAN-SCa, OFDM, and OFDMA
• spectral efficiency can be increased linearly with the
number of antenna elements
– achieved by steering beams to multiple users simultaneously
so as to realize an inter-cell frequency reuse.
• signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain realized by
coherently combining multiple signals, and the ability
to direct this gain to particular users.
• MIMO/SIMO/MISO.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 108

Optional MAC AAS Support
• provides a mechanism to migrate from a non-AAS
system to an AAS enabled system
– dedicating part of the frame to non-AAS traffic and part to
AAS traffic

time

CGU NDSL WMAN - 109

Optional MAC AAS Support
• Alerting the BS about presence of a new SS in an AAS
system
– AAS BS may reserve a fixed, pre-defined part of the frame as
initial-ranging contention slots (called AAS-alert-slots) for this
alert procedure
• FDD/TDD support
– use channel state information of both downlink and uplink
– Two ways :
» (reciprocity) using the uplink channel state estimation as the downlink
channel state (TDD)
» (feedback) transmitting the estimated channel state from the SS to BS.
(FDD or TDD)
– using two MAC control messages:
» AAS-FBCK-REQ and AAS-FBCK-RSP
» The BS shall provide an uplink allocation to enable the SS to transmit
this response.
» Using FDD, the BS shall issue AAS-FBCK-REQ messages.
» Using TDD, the BS may issue AAS-FBCK messages. (pp. 165)

CGU NDSL WMAN - 110

Burst FDD Framing

Allows scheduling flexibility

CGU NDSL WMAN - 111
Uplink TDD/FDD Subframe

(ranging) (band. req)

UIUC: Uplink Interval Usage Code

CGU NDSL WMAN - 112
TDD Downlink Subframe
• The bursts are transmitted in order of decreasing robustness.

DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code

CGU NDSL WMAN - 113

FDD Downlink Subframe

• TDMA portion: transmits data to some half-duplex

SSs (the ones scheduled to transmit earlier in the
frame than they receive)
– Need preamble to re-sync (carrier phase)
CGU NDSL WMAN - 114
Receive/transmit Transition Gap (RTG) in TDD

• A gap between the uplink burst and the

subsequent downlink burst in a TDD
transceiver.
– Not applicable for FDD systems
– transmit/receive transition gap (TTG) : similar

CGU NDSL WMAN - 115

Adaptive PHY
• Adaptive modulation

CGU NDSL WMAN - 116

 Nine Data Rates in 802.16
• Modulation Schemes : QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM
• 20 MHz/channel (4M PSs/frame/ms = 16Msymols/ms)
– 32Mbps / 64Mbps / 96Mbps
• 25 MHz/channel (5M PSs/frame/ms = 20Msymbols/ms)
– 40Mbps / 80Mbps / 120Mbps
• 28 MHz/channel (5.6M PSs/frame/ms = 22.4Msymbols/ms)
– 44.8Mbps / 89.6Mbps / 134.4Mbps
Uplink mandatory

US

European
0.5, 1 or 2 ms
downlink mandatory
CGU NDSL WMAN - 117
10-66 GHz PHY parameters

CGU NDSL WMAN - 118

DCD and UCD

• downlink channel descriptor (DCD):

– A MAC message that describes the PHY characteristics of a
downlink channel
• uplink channel descriptor (UCD):
– A medium access control message that describes the PHY
characteristics of an uplink.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 119

Uplink PHY

CGU NDSL WMAN - 120

Downlink PHY

CGU NDSL WMAN - 121

Shortened FEC blocks—TDMA/TDM case
• Reed-Solomon over Galois field GF(256)

TDMA w/
TDM w/o

CGU NDSL WMAN - 122

 IEEE 802.16a
Medium Access Control Modifications
and Additional Physical Layer
Specifications for 2-11 GHz

CGU NDSL WMAN - 123

802.16a PHY Alternatives
• Different Applications, Bandplans, and Regulatory

• OFDM (WirelessMAN-OFDM Air Interface)

– 256-point FFT with OFDM (TDD/FDD)

• OFDMA (WirelessMAN-OFDMA Air Interface)

– 2048-point FFT with OFDMA (TDD/FDD)
– CDMA ranging code

• Single-Carrier (WirelessMAN-SCa Air Interface)

– TDMA (TDD/FDD)
– BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
– Most vendors will use Frequency-Domain Equalization for solving
delay spread issue

CGU NDSL WMAN - 124

Key 802.16a MAC/PHY Features

• 2-11GHz
• License-exempt band 5-6 GHz
• OFDM/OFDMA support
• ARQ
• Space-Time Coding (STC)
– There are two transmit antennas on the BS side and one reception
antenna on the SS side.
• Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
– license-exempt
• Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) support
• Mesh Mode
– Optional topology for license-exempt operation only (TDD only)
– Subscriber-to-Subscriber communications
– Complex topology and messaging

CGU NDSL WMAN - 125

Features
• OFDM (WirelessMAN-OFDM Air Interface)
– Two contention based BW request mechanisms
» Bandwidth Request Header
» Focused Contention Transmission with Contention Code over
Contention Channel consisting of 4 carriers

• OFDMA (WirelessMAN-OFDMA Air Interface)

– Two contention based BW request mechanisms
» Bandwidth Request Header
» Specifies a Ranging Subchannel and a subset of Ranging Codes
that are used for contention-based BW requests (CDMA mechanism)

• The WirelessHUMAN system provides optional support for

Mesh topology.
– Unlike the point-2-multipoint (PMP) mode, there are no clearly
separate downlink and uplink subframes in the Mesh mode.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 126

 Mesh-based WirelessMAN

Source: Nokia Networks CGU NDSL WMAN - 127

Mesh Networks

• Mesh systems typically use omnidirectional or 360° steerable

antennas, but can also be co-located using sector antennas.
• Directed Mesh (DM) : The realization of a physical mesh using
substantially directional antennas.
• Nodes : systems in Mesh networks
– Mesh BS : a system that has a direct connection to backhaul
services outside the Mesh network.
– Mesh SS : all the other systems of a Mesh network
• Neighbor : The nodes with which a node has direct links
• Neighborhood :Neighbors of a node form a neighborhood (one-
hop)
• Extended neighborhood : all the neighbors of the neighborhood
(two-hops)

CGU NDSL WMAN - 128

Mesh Networks

• Using distributed scheduling, all the nodes including

the Mesh BS shall coordinate their transmissions in
their two-hop neighborhood and shall broadcast their
schedules (available resources, requests and grants)
to all their neighbors.
• (Optionally) the schedule may also be established by
directed uncoordinated requests and grants between
two nodes.
– Nodes shall ensure that the transmissions do not collide with
the traffic scheduled by any other node in two-hop
neighborhood.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 129

Mesh Networks

• Using centralized scheduling, the Mesh BS shall

gather resource requests from all the Mesh SSs
within a certain hop range.
• determine the amount of granted resources for each
link
– the grant messages do not contain the actual schedule, but
each node shall compute it by using the predetermined
algorithm with given parameters.
• QoS is provisioned over links on a message-by-
message basis.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 130

Mesh Networks

• 48-bit universal MAC address

• When authorized to the network the node receives a 16-bit node
identifier (Node ID) upon a request to the Mesh BS
– Node ID is transferred in the Mesh subheader, which follows the
generic MAC header, in both unicast and broadcast messages.
• For addressing nodes in the local neighborhood, 8-bit link
identifiers (Link IDs) shall be used.
• The Link ID is transmitted as part of the CID in the generic MAC
header in unicast messages.
• The Link IDs shall be used in distributed scheduling to identify
resource requests and grants.
• Since these messages are broadcast, the receiver nodes can
determine the schedule using the transmitter’s Node ID in the
Mesh subheader, and the Link ID in the payload of the MSH-
DSCH (Mesh Mode Schedule with Distributed Scheduling)
message.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 131

Mesh Networks

8 bits

Messages with larger Drop Precedence shall have higher dropping likelihood during congestion.

CGU NDSL WMAN - 132

IEEE 802.16 and 16a

Mesh topology *

Mesh topology *
5-6GHz
5MHz/channel ; 200 channels
HUMAN : High-Speed Unlicensed Metropolitan Area Network CGU NDSL WMAN - 133
OFDM/OFDMA raw bitrates (Mbps)

CGU NDSL WMAN - 134

Adaptive Antenna System

• A system adaptively exploiting more than one

antenna to improve the coverage and the system
capacity
• Adapt the antenna pattern and concentrating its
radiation to each individual subscriber
• The spectral efficiency can be increased linearly with
the number of antenna elements
– steering beams to multiple users simultaneously so as to
realize an inter-cell frequency reuse
• Reduce interference

CGU NDSL WMAN - 135

THANK YOU !
Questions ?

CGU NDSL WMAN - 136