Endocrine system- is the collection of glands that produce
hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other thing Adrenal gland- also called as “suprarenal gland” -one attached to the upper portion of each kidney. -it produce hormones. -is pyramidal in structure and weighs 4g. -consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Adrenal Cortex-secrete hormones that have an effect on the body’s metabolism. -the hormones produced by adrenal cortex include. 1. Cortisol- hormone that helps regulate metabolism. It suppress inflammatory reactions in the body and also affects the immune system. 2. Aldosterone- hormone that regulates the level of sodium and potassium in the body, and helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure. 3. Androgen- hormone that plays a role in reproductive activity, which is present in both male and female. Adrenal medulla- the inner part of the adrenal gland. -it helps a person cope with physical and emotional stress. -it secretes the following hormones: 1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine CUSHING SYNDROME WHAT IS CUSHING SYNDROME?
• Cushing Syndrome is caused by
prolonged exposure of the bodies tissue to high levels of the hormone cortisol It is also called hypercortisolism What is Cortisol? Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. Enables regulation of glucose metabolism. Regulates blood pressure and blood sugar. Most importantly cortisol helps the body respond to stress. Causes of Cushing's
Majority of the people who suffer
from Cushing's Syndrome have had prior use of glucocorticoid hormones -Glucocorticoid hormones are used to prevent transplant rejection as well as treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus Additional Causes
-Pituitary Adenomas; tumors of
pituitary gland -Adrenal gland overgrowth or adrenal tumors -Too much stress put on the body HARVEY WILLIAMS CUSHING (1869-1939)
He used first electrocoagulation for surgery
He first encountered the Cushing reflex He used electrical stimuli for study of the human sensory cortex Ideal therapy of Cushing’s Syndrome would achieve the following goals: • Reverse the clinical manifestations by reducing cortisol secretion to normal • Eradicate any tumor threatening the health of the patient • Avoid permanent dependence upon medications • Avoid permanent hormone deficiency Medical Management Surgical removal of the tumor by transspenoidal hypophysectomy Adrenalectomy- patients with primary hypertrophy Adrenal enzyme inhibitors used to reduce hyperadrenalism Reduce the medication to the minimum dosage ASSESSMENT • HEALTH HISTORY AND EXAMINATION • OBSERVE AND ASSESS THE SKIN FOR TRAUMA, INFECTION,BREAKDOWN, BRUISES AND EDEMA • CHANGES IN PHYSICAL APPEARANCE • PATIENT’S MENTAL FUNCTION DIAGNOSIS o Risk for injury related to weakness o Risk for infection related to altered protein metabolism and inflammatory response o Disturbed body image related to altered physical appearance, impaired sexual functioning and decreased activity level o Ineffective coping related to mood swings, irritability, and depression Nursing Interventions Decreasing Risk of Injury Decreasing Risk of Infection Preparing the patient for Surgery Encouraging Rest and Activity Promoting Skin Integrity Improving Body Image Improving Coping • THANK YOU