COMPLEX SENTENCES

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-
Dwi Jafrihanti
Fitria Amalia
- M. Fachrul Rozi .K.
- M. Faisal Diaga
- Hazrah Gani - Novita .C . Dewi
 COMPLEX SENTENCES

Complex sentence is a sentence

with one independent clause and
at least one dependent clause.

A complex sentence is often used to make clear

which ideas are
most important  independent clause
and which ideas are
subordinate  dependent clause
 INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT
CLAUSE

Independent Clause
An independent clause (main clause) is a group of related words that
contains subject and verb and expresses a complete idea. As a result, an
independent clause can stand alone and be used as a sentence.

Example :

• The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

• We will go to the movies after we have dinner

It clause can stand alone (complete idea) :

• The student are studying. It makes sense

• We will go to the movies.
Dependent Clause :
A dependent clause (subordinate clause ) is a group of related words
that contains subject and verb but does not express a complete idea and,
therefore, can’t stand alone.

Example :

• The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

• We will go to the movies after we have dinner.

It clause can’t stand alone (not complete idea) :

• Because they have a test tomorrow.

so what happened? Did they wont to play out
or they were studying hard? It doesn’t
make sense
• After we have dinner.
So what happen after they have dinner?
 Subordinators & Relative pronouns

To make a complex sentence we need a subordinating conjungtions

(subordinators) or relative pronouns that use to connect between
independent clause and dependent clause.

1. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

CAUSE &
TIME OPPOSITION CONDITION
EFFECT
After Because Although If
Before Since Though Unless
When Now that Even though Only if
While As Whereas Whether or not
Since In order that While even if
Until So in case (that)
Example :
•Time
After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
 When juan and maria went to the movie?
After they finished studying (describe the time)

•Cause and Effect

Since she wanted to pass her exam, she decided to study well.
cause effect

•Opposition
Dina can read English novel although she is still young.

An opposition

•Condition
She would buy a house, if she had enough money.
 if she had enough money is describe a condition when she would buy a
house
2. Relative pronouns
Are used to link a relative clause to another part of a sentence and has the
job of introducing the relative clause.

relative pronoun : who

relative clause : who met you yesterday
Sentence : a woman who met you yesterday is my sister

Relative
Function Use to meaning Example sentences
Pronoun
The man who
speaks English
Menerangkan every day is my
Who as subject Yang
Noun - Orang grand father.

The woman whom

Menerangkan
Whom As object Yang you kissed last
Noun - Orang
night is my sister.
Relative
Function Use to meaning Example sentences
Pronoun

Menerangkan The movie which

Subject /
Which Noun - Benda / Yang we saw last night
Object
Binatang was very good.

I know the man

Kepemilik Menerangkan
Whose Yang - nya whose bicycle was
an Noun - Orang
stolen.

that Subject / Menerangkan Yang I thanked the

Object Noun – Orang, woman that helped
Benda, dan me.
Binatang
 Formula of Complex Sentence

There is two type formula of complex sentence:

1. Complex sentence using Subordinating Conjungtion

 When the complex sentences begins with the independent
clause, comma is not required and the subordinators is in the
middle of sentences

Independent clause + subordinat (in the middle) + Dependent clause

Example :

“ Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying”

S S
V subordinat V

Independent clause Dependent Clause

 When the complex sentences begins with the dependent clause it is
followed by comma.

Subordinat + dependent clause + comma (,) + independent clause

Example :

“After they finished studying , Juan and Maria went to the movies”

S S
subordinat V V
comma

Dependent Clause Independent clause

2. Complex sentence using Relative Pronoun

 If a dependent clause comes in the middle of a sentence or

at the end of a sentence, the writer has to make a decision about
how to punctuate it. If the dependent clause is essential to the
meaning of the sentence, do not set it off with comma.

Independent clause + relative pronoun + dependent(essensial) clause

Example :

The children who shouted in the street are not from our school.
Dependent Clause
Relative
pronoun

Independet Clause
  If the dependent clause is extra information it called non essensial clause,
do set the dependent clause off with comma in begin.

Independent clause + comma (,) + relative pronoun + dependent(nonessensial) clause

Example:
Nick gave a handful of potato chips to Button , who was sniffing around the
picnic tables.

Independet Clause Relative Dependent Clause

pronoun

 In this sentence, Button, the name of a unique dog, lets us know which animal
we mean. The information in the relative clause is no longer important and
needs to be separated from the main clause with a comma.
 If the clause is nonessential interrupt a independent clause, separate it with
a comma in front and a comma behind.

Independent clause + comma (,) + relative pronoun + comma (,) + dependent

(nonessensial) clause

Example:

 Barack Obama, who was President in United States, has visited Indonesia.
Dependent Clause
Relative
pronoun

Independent Clause
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

 EXERCISES

I. Determine which is independent and dependent clause in the sentences below.

1. Because the bridge wasn't properly maintained by the government, it
fell down.
2. My dad bought this book, which is a hundred pages long, when he was
in Jakarta.
3. Even though he is a good looking person, I will never be attracted to
him because the girl whom he just dumped is my sister.

II. Choose subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns to fill the blank.

4. The car driver is a young man, is from Ireland.

5. He decided to go to a conservatory he loves music so much

6. We often visit our aunt in Norwich is in East Anglia.
7. The teacher, every student is afraid of, is really very nice.
8. We won't arrive in time she hurries up.
III. Identify the type of following sentences below and put as CP=compound
sentence or CX=complex sentence .

9. Pauline says that there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood,

swatting mosquitoes, and cooking over a woodstove. (___)

10. The author who is touring several cities to promote his book will be in
Chicago at the end of October. (___)

11. Resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide problem, but medical experts

list ways to help slow resistance and keep current drugs effective. (___)

12. Remember to practice personal cleanliness as simple hand washing and

proper food handling can help protect you from infectious diseases.
(___)