EVOLUCIÓN DE LA CORTEZA CONTINENTAL

Mirian Mamani
Roberts & Spencer (2016)
Roberts & Spencer (2016)
Roberts & Spencer (2016)
Proto-Andean evolution of the
Eastern Cordillera of Peru

Chew et al. (2016)

Evolución de la
Cordillera Oriental

Miscovik et al. (2009)

 •Coastal Batholith along the Arequipa traverse:
•200 to 175 Ma, Chocolate arc, Gabbros,Diorites.
•90 to 60 Ma, Toquepala arc, diorites to granites.

Sophie Demouy et al. 2012

Rocas volcánicas del Mesozoico

Polliand et al. (2005)

Spiking et al. (2016)
 Setting 1 Setting 3: Syn-Inversion (more CO2)

Setting 2: Syn-Rifting (arc/back-arc)

Setting 4: Superimposed mantle upwelling
Spatial distribution of Pb
isotopes along the Central
Andes. The concentration is
controled by the age of
basement rocks.
The type of basement
rocks also controled the
porphyry deposits (Cu-
Au-Mo) in southern Peru.

Low Zn
 The boundaries of the
Mamani et al. (2008)
basements are delineated by
regional system faults.

Charrier et al. (2014)

Mamani en preparación

Jimenez & Lopez (2008)

The Arequipa basement has low 206Pb/204Pb y high 87Sr/86Sr concentration
The Arequipa basement controled the gold deposit location

Billa et al. (2004)

 Mesoprot Gap

Goldfarb et al. (2010)

Orogenic Au Endowment correlates with periods of Supercontinent Assembly

but why the Mesoproterozoic Gap? 16
 Secular Cooling of the Earth

High Amount of complex, hot Accretionary Probability of avoiding erosion:

Orogen formed (favourable preservation simple statistical effect plus increasing
potential) average intensity of Collisional Orogens

Mesoproterozoic
Endowment Gap

Low

3.0 Ga Time 0 Ga

Proposed model of competing preservational processes to

explain observed secular distribution of
Association 3 (Orogenic) gold deposits
206Pb/204Pb versus Zn concentrations
Marine basins (Triassic-Cretaceous)
Zn (ppm) concentrations in limestone of Pucara Group (Triassic-
Jurassic)

Rosas et al. (2007)

Zn (ppm) concentrations in Cretaceous
limestone.

Paz et al. (Proexplo 2015)

Topographic anomalies also
appear to be associated with
mineralisation, possibly
resulting from active
uplift/tectonism in the
basement beneath the thrust
pile.

Scherrenberg (2008)
 Hitzman et al. (2010)

Secular controls on the distribution of Sedimentary-Basin Associated Hosted Cu

Deposits 23
 Wurst (2010), modified after Wilson & Cooke (2002)

Number of known Porphyry deposits decreases dramatically with age

24
Wurst (2010)

25
 CONCLUSION

 The mineral deposits

formation related to Cu-Pb-
Zn in Peru is higher in
Southamerica due to the
source compositions and
amount of crustal
contamination in the lower
and upper part.
 Mineral System Framework
Ore Genesis as the Conjunction of Three Independent Sets of
Favourable Conditions

Fertility Proximity to
Lithosphere-scale
Structure
+ Preservation = Discovery

Favourable
Ore Genesis
(Transient)
Geodynamics

McCuaig & Hronsky (2014)

 Chemical Process Elements:
Subset Rock Volumes of the Generic Physical Mineral System

4. Ore Depositional Site – either in

conduit or at discharge site

3. Fluid Fractionation Site

(eg magma > hydrothermal fluid; silicate magma
> sulphide magma) – likely to overlap Fluid
Reservoir

2. Metal and/or Critical Solute

(eg Cl, S) source region

1. Pre-Fertilised Fluid Source Region

(eg enriched upper mantle)
 Porphyry Systems:
Example of integrating both Mineral System Frameworks to define a generic
targeting model for a particular ore deposit type

CRITICAL ELEMENTS

(Note -Targeting Elements related to these Constitutive Elements depend on local geological environment)

Jon Hronsky (2015) Proexplo

 Summary
• A new physical-process based perspective on the
Mineral Systems has significant potential benefits for
both understanding ore formation and practical
exploration targeting

• Benefits:
– Focus on most fundamental and largest scale (therefore
easiest recognisable) processes (“forest not trees”)
– Relates all processes to a physical rock volume which can
be mapped (via proxies) in our targeting frameworks
– Significant constrains the range of viable ore-forming
scenarios

Jon Hronsky (2015) Proexplo