Professional Documents
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SCORES
35 47 44 42 38
49 43 46 48 48
50 34 48 46 41
40 44 36 47 47
47 49 46 47 46
A.
Classes f
11 – 22 3
23 – 34 5
35 – 46 11
47 – 58 19
59 – 70 14
71 – 82 6
83 – 94 2
______________
n = 60
B.
C = R/k
5. Construct the class.
6. Determine the “f” of each class.
DERIVED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
a. Relative frequency distribution
b. Cumulative frequency distribution
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
%f = f/n X 100
Respondents of the Study
SM
Subj n % R
A 35 23 3
B 45 29 2
C 75 48 1
Classes f X fx
11 -22 3 16.5 49.5
23 – 34 5 28.5 142.5
35 – 46 11 40.5 445.5
47 – 58 19 52.5 997.5
59 – 70 14 64.5 903.0
71 – 82 6 76.5 459.0
83 – 94 2 88.5 177.0
_______ _________
n = 60 ∑ fx = 3,174
Mean = 3, 174 / 60
= 52.9
B. Coded Deviation Method Mean = Assumed mean + ( ∑ fd / n
)i
Classes f d fd
11 – 22 3 -3 -9
23 – 34 5 -2 -10 ] = - 30
35 – 46 11 -1 -11
47 – 58 19 0 0
59 – 70 14 1 14
71 – 82 6 2 12 ] = 32
83 – 94 2 3 6
___________ ______________
n = 60 ∑ fd = 2
Mean = 52.5 + ( 2 / 60 ) 12
= 52.5 + ( 2 / 5 ) 1
= 52.5 + ( 0.4 )
= 52.5 + 0.4
= 52.9
COMPUTATION OF THE MODE
FROM GROUPED DATA
the mode in a frequency distribution is found
within the class with the highest frequency
the computing formula is given by
Mode = LCBmo + ( Δ1 / Δ1 + Δ2 ) i
11 – 22 3
23 – 34 5
35 – 46 11] = 8
47 – 58 19
59 – 70 14 ] = 5
71 – 82 6
83 – 94 2
________
N = 60
Mode = 46.5 + ( 8 / 8 + 5 ) 12
= 46.5 + ( 8 / 13 ) 12
= 46.5 + ( 96 / 13 )
= 46.5 + ( 7.384615385 )
= 46.5 + 7.384615385
= 53.88
COMPUTATION OF THE MEDIAN FOR
GROUPED DATA
Median = 46.5 + ( 30 - 19 / 19 ) 12
= 46.5 + ( 11 /19 ) 12
= 46.5 + (132 / 19 )
= 46.5 + ( 6.947368421 )
= 46.5 + 6.947368421
= 53.45
QUANTILES
the quantiles are natural extension of the
median concept in that they are values
which divide a set of data into equal parts
for all the quantiles, it must be clearly
understood that the item values are also
arranged according to magnitude
the uses, limitations, computation of the
quantiles are very similar with that of the
median
QUARTILE
divides the distribution into four (4) equal parts
These are values Q1, Q2, Q3
Computing formula is given by
Q3 = 58.5 + ( 45 - 38 / 14 ) 12
= 58.5 + ( 7 / 7 ) 6
= 58.5 + ( 1 ) 6
= 58.5 + ( 6 )
= 58.5 + 6
= 64.5
DECILE
divides the distribution into ten (10) equal parts
these are D1, D2, D3, …
computing formula is given by
25 – 30 3
31 – 36 6
37 – 42 11
43 – 48 27
49 – 54 16
55 – 60 7
61 – 66 4
67 – 72 1
_____________
N = 75
Construct the following:
a. classmark or midpoint
b. class boundaries
c. relative frequency distribution
c. less than cumulative frequency distribution
d. greater than cumulative frequency
distribution
Determine:
a. Class size
b. Class boundary of the 3rd class interval
c. Lowest lower limit
d. Highest upper boundary
e. No. of people belonging to the upper boundary 54.5
f. No. of people belonging to the lower boundary 54.5
g. Classmark of the 6th class interval
h. No. of people belonging to the lower boundary 42.5
i. No. of people belonging to the upper boundary 36.5
j. Highest upper class limit
Compute the following:
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. 7th decile
e. 3rd quartile
f. 1st quartile
g. 45th percentile
h. 9th percentile
i. 35th percentile
j. 95th percentile
k. 55th percentile
l. 65th percentile
m. 8th decile
n. 3rd decile
o. 85th percentile
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
these are measures which describe the
extent of scattering of the individual items
about the average or point of central
location
the measures of central tendency are of little
value unless the degree of spread or
variability which occurs about the items are
given
the description of a set of data becomes
more meaningful if the degree of clustering
about the central point is measured
Consider the five sets of
observations:
A: 15, 15, 17, 18, 20
B: 15, 16, 16, 18, 20
C: 14, 15, 16, 19, 21
D: 11, 13, 18, 18, 25
E: 14, 15, 18, 19, 19
COMMON MEASURES OF
VARIABILITY
Range
Semi-Interquartile Range
Mean Absolute Deviation
Standard Deviation
1. RANGE
11 -22 3
23 -34 5
35 -46 11
47 -58 19
59 -70 14
71 -82 6
83 -94 2
____________
N= 60
SEMI-INTERQUARTILE RANGE
Sometimes called quartile deviation
It is the amount of spread between the
first quartile and the median, or the
median and the third quartile.
The dispersion is in the middle half of the
items arranged in an array.
The formula used to compute the quartile
deviation is
QD = Q3 – Q1 / 2
= 34.5 + ( 15 – 8 ) 12
______
11
= 34.5 + ( 7/11 ) 12
= 34.5 + ( 84/11 )
= 34.5 + ( 7.63636364 )
= 34.5 + 7.63636364
= 42.14
Q3 = LCBQ3 + ( 3n/4 - <cumfb ) i
_____________
fQ3
= 58.5 + ( 45 – 38 ) 12
________
14
= 58.5 + ( 7/7 )6
= 58.5 + ( 1 ) 6
= 58.5 + 6
= 64.5
QD = Q3 – Q1/2
= 64.5 – 42.14/ 2
= 22.36/2
= 11.18
MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
In computing for the mean absolute deviation, we
consider the extent to which each individual score in a
distribution deviates from the mean of that
distribution.
We subtract the mean from each score to determine
the deviation or the distance of each score from the
mean.
x = X – mean
x = each score’s deviation from the mean
X = particular score
The formula used to compute the MAD is
MAD = ∑ / X – mean /
__________
N
Example 1: Consider the five scores of the students
in a certain 20-item test: 15, 15, 17, 18, 20
X X – mean / X – mean /
15 15 -17 = -2 2
15 15 -17 = -2 2
17 17 -17 = 0 0
18 18 -17 = 1 1
20 20- 17 = 3 3
____ ____________
∑X=85 ∑ / X – mean / = 8
MAD = ∑ / X –mean /
____________
n
MAD = ∑ / X –mean /
____________
n
= 8/5
=1.6
Example 2
Classes f X X – mean/ X – mean / f/ X – mean /
11 – 22 3 16.5 16.5 – 52.9 36.4 109.2
23 – 34 5 28.5 28.5 – 52.9 24.4 122.0
35 – 46 11 40.5 40.5 – 52.9 12.4 136.4
47 – 58 19 52.5 52.5 – 52.9 0. 4 7.6
59 – 70 14 64.5 64.5 – 52.9 11.6 162.4
71 – 82 6 76.5 76.5 – 52.9 23.6 141.6
83 – 94 2 88.5 88.5 – 52.9 35.6 71.2
____________
∑f/ X – mean / =750.4
STANDARD DEVIATION
Is a special form of average deviation from the
mean.
All the individual values of the items in the
distribution are taken into consideration.
Denoted by s or sd is the positive square root of
the arithmetic mean of the squared deviations
from the mean of the distribution.
It is important as a measure of heterogeneity or
unevenness within a set of observations.
If the S of the IQ of say 50 students is numerically
big, then we can say that there is heterogeneity in
their intelligence. If the S is small we can say that
there is homogeneity in their intelligence.
STANDARD DEVIATION FROM
UNGROUPED DATA
Example: Consider the five (5) scores of students in a 20-item test: 15, 15, 17, 18, 20.
S = √ ∑( X – mean )2/ n
= √ 18 / 5
= √3.6
= 1.8973666
= 1.9
Note
There are occasions when the formula
and procedure for application stated
above is inconvenient to use for
computation.
This is especially true when the deviations
from the mean are not simple round
numbers and they are not most of the
time.
The formula used to compute is given by
S = √ ∑x2/ n – ( ∑x/n )2
Use the same problem as in the first
computation.
X X2
15 225
15 225
17 289
18 324
20 400
___ _______
85 1,463
S = √1,463/5 – (85/5)2
= √292.6 – ( 17)2
= √292.6 – 289
= √3.6
= 1.9
COMPUTATION OF THE
STANDARD DEVIATION FROM
GROUPED DATA
There are three ways of computing the
Standard from grouped data.
The computation is essentially the same
as that of the ungrouped data except that
X is NOT the value of the item, but
rather the class mark for each of the class
intervals.
Another point of difference is the use of
the “f” as a factor in the formula.
LONG METHOD A
Classes f X X – mean ( X – mean )2 f(X – mean )2
______________
16,406.4
S = √∑f( X – mean )2
____________
n-1
= √16,406.4
________
60-1
= √278.0745763/
= 16.68
LONG METHOD B
Classes f X fx X2 fx2
11 – 22 3 16.5 49.5 272.25 816.75
23 – 34 5 28.5 142.5 812.25 4061.2
= √184311 - 10,074,276
_____ _________
59 60 ( 59 )
= √3123.9152542 - 10,074,276
_________
3540
= √3123.9152542 - 2845.840678
= √278.0745762
= 16.68
CODED DEVIATION METHOD
Classes f d fd d2 fd2
11 – 22 3 -3 -9 9 27
23 – 34 5 -2 -10 4 20
35 – 46 11 -1 -11] -30 1 11
47 – 58 19 0
59 – 70 14 1 14 1 14
71 – 82 6 2 12 4 24
83 – 94 2 3 6] 32 9 18
_____ _______
2 114
S = i √∑fd2 - ( ∑fd )2
_____ ______
n–1 n (n -1)
= 12 √ 114 - ( 2 )2
______ ______
60 -1 60(60 -1)
= 12 √ 114 - 4
_____ _______
59 60( 59 )
= 12 √ 1.93220339 - 0.0011299435
= 12 √1.93107345
= 12 ( 1.38963069 )
= 16.68
Illustration: The following are the
scores obtained by the 25
students who took a 40-item
test;
25, 24, 30, 27, 28, 15, 17, 18,25,
35, 22, 31, 30, 23, 32, 16, 26,33
27, 20, 21, 28, 23, 34, 37
Compute for:
1. Mean
2. Proficiency Level
3. Standard Deviation
4. Make an interpretation about
the computed statistical
measures.
Solution
A. Freq. Dist.
f
15 – 18 4
19 – 22 3
23 – 26 6
27 – 30 6
31 – 34 4
35 – 38 2
n= 25
B. Mean
Classes f x fx
15 – 18 4 16.5 66
19 – 22 3 20.5 61.5
23 – 26 6 24.5 147.0
27 – 30 6 28.5 171.0
31 – 34 4 32.5 130.0
35 – 38 2 36.5 73.0
____ ______
n = 25 ∑fx = 648.5
Mean = ∑ fx/ n
= 648.5/25
= 25.94
C. Proficiency Level
PL = Mean/No. of Items X 100%
= 25.94/ 40 X 100%
= 64.85%
D. Standard Deviation
S = i √∑fd2 - ( ∑fd )2
_____ ______
n–1 n (n -1)
Classes f d fd d2 fd2
15 – 18 4 -2 -8 4 16
19 – 22 3 -1 -3 1 3
23 – 26 6 0
27 – 30 6 1 6 1 6
31 – 34 4 2 8 4 16
35 – 38 2 3 6 9 18
___ ___ ____
n = 25 ∑fd=9 ∑fd2= 59
SD = 4 √ 59 - ( 9 ) 2
25 -1 25(25 –1)
= 4 √ 59 - 81
24 25(24)
= 4 √ 2.45833333 - 81
600
= 4 √ 2.45833333 – 0.135
= 4 √ 2.3233333
= 4 (1.52424844)
= 6.09699376 or 6.10 heterogeneous