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# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
B B
10.1
Cl Be Cl
0 lone bonded
2 atoms pairs on to
central atom
central atom 10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
10.1
lone-pair vs. lone pair lone-pair vs. bonding bonding-pair vs. bonding
repulsion
> pair repulsion
> pair repulsion
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
trigonal
AB2E 2 1 bent
planar
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal See-Saw
AB4E 4 1 (distorted tetrahedron)
bipyramidal
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal See-Saw
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
F
F Cl
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal See-Saw
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
trigonal
AB2E3 2 3 linear
bipyramidal
I
I 10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
octahedral square
AB5E 5 1
pyramidal
F
F F
Br
F F
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
octahedral square
AB5E 5 1
pyramidal
square
AB4E2 4 2 octahedral
planar
F F
Xe
F F
10.1
10.1
Predicting Molecular Geometry
1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.
2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and
number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.
What are the molecular geometries of SO2 and SF4?
(In SF4, S uses an expanded octet of 10.)
F
AB4E
S S F S F
O O See-Saw
O O
F (distorted
Tetrahedron)
AB2E bent
10.1
Dipole Moments and Polar Molecules
electron rich
electron poor
region
region
H F
10.2
10.2
Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment?
H2O, CO2, SO2, and CH4
O S O
H
H O
dipole moment dipole moment
polar molecule polar molecule
H C H
O C O
no dipole moment H
nonpolar molecule no dipole moment
nonpolar molecule
10.2
Chemistry In Action: Microwave Ovens
10.2
How does Lewis theory explain the bonds in H2 and F2?
H2 436.4 kJ/mole 74 pm 2 1s
10.3
Hybridization – mixing of two or more atomic
orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.
1. Mix at least 2 nonequivalent atomic orbitals (e.g. s
and p). Hybrid orbitals have very different shape
from original atomic orbitals.
2. Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of
pure atomic orbitals used in the hybridization
process.
3. Covalent bonds are formed by:
a. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with atomic orbitals
b. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with other hybrid
orbitals
10.4
10.4
Formation of sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
10.4
Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals
10.4
How do I predict the hybridization of the central atom?
# of Lone Pairs
+
# of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
2 sp BeCl2
3 sp2 BF3
5 sp3d PCl5
6 sp3d2 SF6
10.4
10.4
Sigma () and Pi Bonds ()
H
O
bonds = 6 + 1 = 7
H C C O H
bonds = 1
H
10.5
Pi bond () – electron density above and below plane of nuclei
Sigma bond () – electron density between the 2 atoms
of the bonding atoms 10.5
10.5
10.5
Experiments show O2 is paramagnetic
O (has UNPAIRED e-)
O
No unpaired e-
Should be diamagnetic
10.6
Energy levels of bonding and antibonding molecular
orbitals in hydrogen (H2).
10.7
Number of Number of
bond order =
1
2 ( electrons in
bonding
MOs
-
electrons in
antibonding
MOs
)
bond
½ 1 ½ 0
order
10.7
Delocalized molecular orbitals are not confined between
two adjacent bonding atoms, but actually extend over three
or more atoms.
10.8
10.6