Waste

Management
 Waste
a term for unwanted items or materials.
Synonyms include: garbage, refuse, trash and
rubbish.
may be generated during the extraction of raw
materials, the processing of raw materials into
intermediate and final products, the consumption
of final products, and other human activities
 o According to Source
o According to Legislative
o According to Physical State
Classification o According to Properties
of o According to Type
Waste

waste as
‘any substance or object
which the holder
discards or intends or is
required to discard
According
To
Source

Industrial WASTE
According
to
Source

Agricultural Waste
According
to
Source

Urban Waste
 CONTROLLING THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
Sometimes the demands of the job require the worker to work in a hot or
cold environment, and the consideration becomes a matter of appropriate
duration. The control of the work environment through air conditioning or
other means to control temperature and humidity to acceptable levels can
be seen as the engineering approach. If engineering approach does not work,
the strategy of administrative or work practice controls can be applied by
rotation of workers into and out of the hot or cold environments.
Manual Lifting

Manual
Lifting
Yet so long as it is a
legal duty for employers
to provide such training
or for as long as the
employer is liable to a
claim of negligence for
failing to train workers in
safe methods of MMH
(Manual Material
Handling), the practice is
likely to continue despite
the lack of evidence to
support it.
⊙ the most basic material handling operation. It
is one of the most studied subjects in
ergonomics.
⊙ It is not clear what weight limits a person can
lift safely.
⊙ NIOSH, a federal agency charged with the
mission of studying hazards and
recommending standards.
⊙ Another method of controlling the hazard is
pre-employment physical testing or
screening to select personnel for lifting tasks
 This presumption is tested in a preliminary study
in 1994 in what has been described as “the largest
study of its kind ever conducted.”
Both hypotheses showed no statistical
significance in the difference between the groups
(those who wore back belts everyday and those
who wore it occasionally) in the incidence rates
for workers’ compensation claims. The study
Supporting belts worn
lasted for two years and involved interviewing
around the waist are 9377 employees at 160 stores nationwide.
often worn by persons
who do heavy lifting.
This prevents injury of
the lower back.
 Manual Lifting
Accomodating the engineering approach
to eliminate the need for
Individual manual lifting or to assist
the worker by providing
Worker lifting aids is a desirable
solution as it eliminates
Characteristics the hazard to the
employee.
Gender
One very visible variation
not to consider is gender.
Qualification for a job
should be based upon
measurable physical
characteristics, not upon
gender.
Heavy Lifting Age
Carts, dollies, and lift
tables, have been used to
Age has brought about a
heightened sensitivity to the
facilitate the manual
loading of workstations
limitations and variations
among the population of
without requiring the
worker to lift from the
human workers. Avoid
making generalizations
floor or pallet. about worker capability due
to age.
Civil Rights Others
The Civil Rights Act of
Height, vision problems,
1964, the Americans With
and hearing problems.
Disabilities Act, and other
social movements have
made the once common
practice of gender
stereotyping appear
ludicrous.
 Vehicle design for human
performance
Designing safety features
into workplace machine

Controlling the work

environment

Manual lifting
Accommodating individual
5 FACETS OF worker characteristics

ERGONOMICS
Musculoskeletal
Disorders
One of the most controversial issue
surrounding the enforcement of
ergonomics in the workplace.
A generalization of more specific
maladies that have been
experienced in the workplace and
have received significant attention
on the part of both industrial safety
and health managers and
enforcement authorities.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
A painful, possibly disabling

“
dysfunction of the wrist.

result from activities that require

repetitive hand motion especially
when the hands are required to be
in an awkward posture such as
typing.

Kroemer credits Robbins with the

first explanation of the anatomical
basis for carpal tunnel syndrome in
the early 1960s.
 Repetitive Strain Injuries
the phenomenon of sore joints,

“
muscles and tendons

carpal tunnel is not the only part of

the body that could be irritated by
repetitive motion

target hazard was shifted from

carpal tunnel syndrome to a much
broader term, repetitive strain
injuries, RSIs
 Cumulative Trauma Disorder
any type of trauma resulting from an

“
accumulation of exposure over a period
of time, though the worker is not injured
from an occasional exposure

trauma means injury, usually violent

injury. With relation to safety, trauma
was identified as dealing with an acute
exposure.

generally considered a chronic

exposure, not an acute one.
 ⊙ Work-related musculoskeletal disorders
(WMSDs) are a group of painful disorders of
MUSCULOSKELETAL muscles, tendons, and nerves.
DISORDERS ⊙ Carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, thoracic
outlet syndrome, and tension neck syndrome
are examples

Many health and safety

agencies include only
disorders that develop
gradually and are
caused by the overuse
of the above
constituents of the
musculoskeletal system.
How are WMSDs
recognized?
Evaluation of Includes Evaluation Consideration
identifying begins with a is given to the
WMSDs workplace risks discussion of the frequency,
person's intensity,
employment duration, and
and requires a regularity of
detailed each task
description of all performed at
the processes work
involved in a
typical workday.
Diagnosis of Electroneuromyography Magnetic Resonance
(ENMG) Imaging (MRI)
WMSDs
Encompasses two areas: an alternative to x-
⊙electromyography rays, provides images
(EMG) of tendons, ligaments,
⊙nerve conduction and muscles and
velocity (NCV). improves the quality
of the diagnostic
information
 ERGONOMICS
STANDARD
Promote worker productivity, safety
and health
Provide standardized procedures
and practices for measuring
and reducing physical stress
and mental fatigue from
motion, vibration, shock,
sounds
 The final standard emphasized the
OSHA following main areas.
Ergonomics
Standards  Information to employees
 Quick-fix action to eliminate reported WMSDs
that meet the “action trigger” defined by the
standard or establishment of an ongoing
WMSD program.
 Programs that were implemented to comply with
the standard were required to have the following
requirements:
OSHA
⊙ Management Leadership
Ergonomics ⊙ Employee Participation
Standards ⊙ MSD management including access to a health-care
professional (HCP), work restrictions deemed
necessary by the HCP, protection of the worker’s
rights during the work restriction period, and follow-
up evaluation of each MSD incident.
⊙ Initial and ongoing training of employees
⊙ Program evaluation and follow-up
⊙ Record keeping
 ⊙ This new standard contains stringent
requirements for most non-construction
employers to identify and abate
OSHA musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The costs to
Guidelines implement the ergonomics requirements may
be significant and, in some cases, result in
severe financial hardship.
⊙ The new strategy emphasized cooperation and
the use of exemplary, successful, established
ergonomics programs as models for assisting
other industries.
 The following program components were
required in the draft standard:
ANSI  Management responsibilities
Standards  Training
 Employee involvement
 Surveillance
 Evaluation and management of MSD cases
 Job analysis
 Job design and intervention
 WMSD
MANAGEMENT Plant Reduction of
PROGRAMS Productivity workers’
compensation
claims

Worker comfort Compliance with

and basic well- the safety and
being health General
Duty Clause
 ⊙ The program should have both documented
and real management support.
⊙ Employees and supervisor should be trained in
Administration the cases and symptoms of WMSDs.
and Support ⊙ The training should consider the workplace and
the tools and work equipment used to do work.
⊙ There should be evidence of employee
participation in the program.
⊙ Employees also should be seen actually doing
the work in accordance with the training they
have been given in proper procedures for
preventing the occurrence of WMSDs.
 How can we prevent WMSDs?
The prime source of hazard is the repetitiveness of
work. Other components of work such as the
applied force, fixed body positions, and the pace of
work are also contributing factors. Therefore the
main effort to protect workers from WMSDs should
focus on avoiding repetitive patterns of work
through job design which may include
mechanization, job rotation, job enlargement and
enrichment or teamwork. Where elimination of the
repetitive patterns of work is not possible or
practical, prevention strategies involving workplace
layout, tool and equipment design, and work
practices should be considered.
 One way to eliminate repetitive tasks is to
mechanize the job. Where mechanization is not
feasible or appropriate, other alternatives are
available.

Mechanization
Job Rotation
It requires workers to move between different
tasks, at fixed or irregular periods of time. But it
must be a rotation where workers do
something completely different. Different tasks
must engage different muscle groups in order
to allow recovery for those already strained.
 This increases the variety of tasks built into the
job. It breaks the monotony of the job and
avoids overloading one part of the body. Job
enrichment involves more autonomy and
Job control for the worker
Enlargement
and
Enrichment
 Team work can provide greater variety and more
evenly distributed muscular work. The whole team is
involved in the planning and allocation of the work.
Each team member carries out a set of operations to
complete the whole product, allowing the worker to
Team Work alternate between tasks, hence, reducing the risk of
WMSDs.
 Proper design of the workstation decreases the effort
required of the worker to maintain a working position.
Ideally, the workstation should be fully adjustable,
providing a worker with the options to work in
standing, sitting or sitting-standing positions, as well
Workplace as fitting the worker's body size and shape.
Design
 Proper design of tools and equipment significantly
decreases the force needed to complete the task.
Providing the worker with the proper jigs or fixtures for
tasks that require holding elements saves a lot of
muscular effort in awkward positions. Good tools,
Tools and maintained carefully and where necessary frequently
Equipment changed, can also save a lot of muscle strain
Design
 The field of ergonomics is an opportunity and also a
problem for the safety and health manager. The field
has much to offer in relieving the discomfort of workers
Summary doing repetitive, sometimes disabling tasks. It also has
the potential of raising productivity to new levels.
Engineering and administrative controls may be only
partially effective in eliminating the problem. The
challenge to the safety and health manager will be to
retain the good features and potential of ergonomics in
an environment of voluntary compliance, not rigid
enforcement.
Thanks!
Bantugon, Michelle Kae
Celine Jo-anne
Bonifacio, Nestor Jr
Fusi, Genina Joy
Gutierrez, Venus Abigail
Mendoza, Charlene Mae
Sabido, Mikee