Earthquake Resistant

Design
Lecture 10:
Seismic Analysis & Design
IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Institute of Engineering
 Outline
• Seismic Zone Map
• Design Lateral Force
• Seismic Coefficient Method
• Response Spectrum Method
• Load Combinations
• Torsion
• Deformation Design
• Inter-storey drift
• Separation between adjacent units
• Compatibility requirement
• Configuration
• Foundations
 Structure of Revised IS:1893
• Since 1984:
• More information
Detailed Provisions
• More experience
• Practical difficulties
• IS 1893:2002
Part I :: General Provisions and
Buildings
Part II :: Liquid Retaining Tanks –
(Elevated and Ground
Supported)
Part III :: Bridges and Retaining Walls
Part IV :: Industrial and Stack-like
Structures
 Loads and Stresses
• Loads
• EQ forces not to occur simultaneously with
maximum flood, wind or wave loads
• Direction of forces
• One horizontal + Vertical
• Two horizontal + Vertical
• Design Philosophies
• Allowable Stress Method :: Soil
• Limit State Design :: RC and PSC
Structures
• Plastic Design :: Steel
Structures
 Loads and Stresses…

• Working Stress Method

• Permissible stresses increased by 33%
 σy for M ild Steel
 Min[0.2% P roof Stren gth;
σ st  
 80% Ultimate Strength] for H YSD Bars


• Load combinations
• DL + LL
• DL + LL*  EL
• DL  EL
LL* = Reduced Live Load
Loads and Stresses… Working Stress Method…

• Bearing pressure on soils increased by 0-

50%
• Soil type
• Foundation type
• Penalty on foundations vulnerable to differential
settlement
Loads and Stresses…

• Limit State Design

• Partial safety factors on loads
• 1.5 (DL + LL)
• 1.2 (DL + LL*  EQ)
• 1.5 (DL  EQ)
• 0.9 DL  1.5 EQ
LL* = “Reduced” Live Load
Loads and Stresses…

• Plastic Design
• Partial safety factors on loads
• 1.7 (DL + LL)
• 1.7 (DL  EQ)
• 1.3 (DL + LL*  EQ)
LL* = Reduced Live Load
 Seismic Zone Map
• Four Zones
• Old Zone I merged with Zone II
• Changes in Peninsular India
• Old Numbering
 Design Lateral Force
• Philosophy of Earthquake-Resistant
Design
• First calculate maximum elastic seismic
Lateral Force
forces
• Then reduce to account for ductility
H,  and
Maximum
overstrength
Elastic Force
Elastic
Elastic Force
reduced by R
Actual

Design Force
Lateral
0 Deflection
 Design Lateral Force…

• Design Horizontal Acceleration Spectrum

Maximum
Elastic
Acceleration

 Sa 
Z  T  I
Ah T    g 
2R
Reduction to account
for ductility and
overstrength
 Design Lateral Force…

Seismic Coefficient Method

• Design Seismic Base Shear VB
 Z  S a 
  Ta 
 2  g 
VB  Ah Ta  W  W
R
 
I
where
Ah(Ta) = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum
W = Seismic weight
Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method…

• Seismic Zone Factor

Seismic Zone II III IV V
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

• Reflects Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)

of the region during
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)
Acceleration Spectral Acceleration
PGA

Time
PGA
(ZPA:: Natural
Zero Period Acceleration)0 Period
Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method…Z

• Relative Values Consistent

1.5

Seismic Zone II III IV V

Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

1.6 1.5
• Factor of 2 in Ah for reducing
PGA for MCE
to
PGA for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)
(Earthquake which can be reasonably expected to occur
at least once during the lifetime of structures)
 Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method…

• Importance factor I
• Degree of conservatism
• Willing to pay more for assuring essential
services
• Domino effect of disaster
• S.No. Building
Important & community buildings I
1 Important, Community, and Lifeline Buildings 1.5
2 All Others 1.0
• Can use higher value of I
• Buildings not mentioned can be designed for higher value
of I depending on economy and strategic considerations
• Temporary (short term) structures exempted from I
 Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method…

• Structure Flexibility Factor Sa/g

• Local soil profile reflected through different
design spectra for 3 types of soil

Spectral Acceleration Sa /g

2.5
Soft Soil Soft Soil

PGA Rock or Medium Soil 1.0 Medium Soil

Rock or
Hard Soil Hard Soil
0 Natural Period T 0 Natural Period Ta
 Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method… Sa /g

• Empirical Natural Period Ta

• RC moment-resisting frames without infills
Ta  0.075h 0.75

Others (including RC buildings with brick infills)

0.09h
Ta  d
d
where h is in meters
• T for Seismic Coefficient Method
• only from empirical expression d
• not from dynamic analysis
 Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method… R

• Response Reduction Factor R

• Two Step Approach ::
• Calculate maximum elastic force on building
• Reduce for ductility and overstrength to get
design force
• MRFs
Building with FRAMES R IS 456:2000

Ordinary MRFs 3.0

Special MRFs 5.0

IS 13920:1993
Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method… R

• Shear Walls

IS 456:2000
Building with SHEAR WALLS R
Ordinary RC Shear Walls 3.0
Ductile RC Shear Walls 4.0
IS 13920:1993
Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method… R

• DUAL Systems

Building with DUAL Systems R

Ordinary RC Shear Walls with OMRFs 3.0
Ordinary RC Shear Walls with SMRFs 4.0
Ductile RC Shear Walls with OMRFs 4.5
Ductile RC Shear Walls with SMRFs 5.0
Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method… R

• R values can be taken as those given under Dual

Systems,
only if both conditions below are satisfied
• Shear walls and MRFs are designed to resist VB in proportion
to their
stiffnesses considering their interaction at all floor levels
• MRFs are designed to independently resist at least 25% of VB

MRF

Shear Wall

Shear Wall
 Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method…

• Seismic Weight of Building W

• Dead load
• Part of imposed loads
Imposed Uniformly Distributed % of Imposed Load
Floor Loads (kN/m2) to be considered
Up to and including 3.0 25

Above 3.0 50
 Design Lateral Force… Seismic Coefficient Method…

• Distribution of Design Lateral Force

• Along height to different floor levels
2
Wi h i
Qi  VB N
 2
Wjh j
j 1

• At each floor level to different lateral force

resisting elements
• If rigid floor diaphragm, in proportion to their
stiffnesses
• If floor diaphragm flexible, considering in-plane
flexibility of diaphragm
 Design Lateral Force…

Response Spectrum Method

• Dynamic analysis shall be performed for
• Regular Buildings
• Height>40 m in seismic zones IV and V
• Height>90 m in seismic zones II and III
• Irregular Buildings
• Height>12 m in seismic zones IV and V
• Height>40 m in seismic zones II and III
• Industrial and frame building with
• Large spans
• Large heights
Note::
Also recommended (though not mandatory) when Height<40 m in
seismic zones II and III
 Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…

• Design horizontal acceleration Ak in

mode k Z Sa
 Tk 
2 g
Ak 
R
I

• Use Tk from dynamic analysis

• Sa/g given for 3 soil types for 5% damping.
For other damping values, multiplying factors are
Damping
given (%) 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
Factor 3.20 1.40 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.55 0.50
 Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…

• Lower Bound to Design Lateral Force

• V V
B B from Seismic Coefficient Method,
which is based on empirical Ta

from Response Spectrum Method

• If not, all response quantities from RSM are
multiplied by

VB
VB
 Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…

• Number of Modes to be Considered

• Such that sum total of modal masses of all
modes considered is at least 90% of the total
seismic mass of the building
r
 M k  0.9 M
k 1
 Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…

• Modal Combination Rules

• Complete Quadratic Coefficient (CQC)
Method r r
    
i 1 j 1
i ij j

where
8 2 (1   )  1.5
 ij 
(1   2 ) 2  4 2  (1   ) 2
j
 
i
  Modal damping ratio
Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…MCRules

• Alternately::
• If modes considered are well separated (i.e., frequencies
differ from each other by 10% or more of the lower
frequency), Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) Method

r
   
2
k
k 1
• If a few modes considered are closely spaced (i.e.,
frequencies differ from each other by less than 10% of the
lower frequency),
  
– For the closely spaced modes alone, Absolute Sum Method
* c


c

– Combine with that of remaining modes by SRSS Method
 Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…MCRules

• Example ::
• (a) Closely-Spaced Modes
• Consider frequencies 1.2 Hz and 1.5 Hz
corresponding to two modes of a building.
Lower frequency = 1.20 Hz
10% of lower frequency = 0.12 Hz
Since 1.5 Hz > (1.2 Hz + 0.12 Hz), the modes are
well-separated.
• Consider frequencies 1.1 Hz and 1.2 Hz
corresponding to two modes of a building.
Lower frequency = 1.10 Hz
10% of lower frequency = 0.11 Hz
Since 1.2 Hz < (1.1 Hz + 0.11 Hz), the modes are
closely-spaced.
Design Lateral Force… Response Spectrum Method…MCRules

• (b) SRSS and Absolute Sum Methods

• Consider a certain response quantity from three
modes to be 10.0, -7.4 and 0.8.
The net response by the
SRSS Method 10.0  (  7.4)2  (0.8)2  12.47
:: 2

Absolute Sum Method 10.0::  7.4  0.8  18.2

 Design Lateral Force…

Load Combinations
• Lateral force resisting system
orthogonal in two plan directions
• 13 load cases for unsymmetrical buildings
(Can reduce to 7 for beams)
1.5 (DL + LL)
1.2 (DL + LL  ELx)
1.2 (DL + LL  ELy)
1.5 (DL  ELx)
1.5 (DL  ELy)
0.9 DL  1.5 ELx
0.9 DL  1.5 ELy

x
Design Lateral Force… Load Combinations…

• Lateral force resisting system

non-parallel in two plan directions
• Consider design based on one direction at
a time y

ELx
x

ELy
 Design Lateral Force… Load Combinations… Non-Parallel
Systems
• Problem
1
ELx
0.8
V ELy
0.6
Force effective along direction 0.4
of inclined element 0.2
0
0

15 30 45 60 75 90

Orientation of inclined element with respect to x-axis

Elements at 450 orientation designed only for 70% of lateral

force
Design Lateral Force… Load Combinations… Non-Parallel
Systems
• Solution :: Try (100%+30%) together

ELx
x

0.3ELy

y
0.3ELx
x

ELy
Design Lateral Force… Load Combinations… Non-Parallel
Systems
• Replace
ELx by (ELx  0.4 ELy) and
ELy by (ELy0.4 ELx)
in the combinations for orthogonal systems
• 25 load cases for unsymmetrical buildings
1.5 (DL + LL)
1.2 (DL + LL  (ELx  0.4 ELy))
1.2 (DL + LL  (ELy0.4 ELx))
1.5 (DL  (ELx  0.4 ELy))
1.5 (DL  (ELy0.4 ELx))
0.9 DL  1.5 (ELx  0.4 ELy)
0.9 DL  1.5 (ELy0.4 ELx)
Design Lateral Force… Load Combinations… Non-Parallel
Systems
• Justification :: Say ELx = ELy = V
y
Vcos

V x
V*=Vcos + 0.3Vsin

0.3Vsin 0.3V

1.5
ELx+0.3ELy
V* 1 0.3ELx+ELy

0.5

0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 
 Design Lateral Force… Load Combinations…

• Two/Three Component Motion

• Response (EL) due to earthquake force is maximum
of ::
 ELx  0.3ELy  0.3ELz

EL   ELy  0.3ELz  0.3ELx
 EL  0.3EL  0.3EL
 z x y

• Alternately, SRSS Method may

2 be employed as ::
EL  ELx   ELy   ELz 
2 2

• If any one component is not being considered,

the corresponding response quantity is dropped.
 Design Lateral Force…

Torsion
• Uncertainties
• Location of imposed load
• Contributions to structural stiffness
• Accidental Eccentricity
• Torsion to be considered in Symmetric
Buildings
• Design Eccentricity
1.5esi  0.05bi
edi  Worst of 
 esi  0.05bi
bi
Design Lateral Force… Torsion… DE

• Two cases of Design Eccentricity

CM* CM CS CM CM* CS

0.05bi 0.05bi
esi
0.5esi esi

1.5esi  0.05bi esi  0.05bi

 Deformation Design
• Three Aspects
• Inter-storey Drift
• Separation Between Adjacent Units
• Deformation Compatibility Requirement
• Relaxation in case of Dynamic Analysis (RSM)
• For deformation design, if
RSM SCM
VB  VB
VB
then displacements from RSM need not be multiplied
by VB
• Use of larger T usually obtained from RSM (by
neglecting infill walls, say) is conservative for
displacement calculation
 Deformation Design…

• Inter-storey Drift
• Storey drift under design lateral load with partial
load factor 1.0

  0.004hi


hi
 Deformation Design…

• Separation Between Adjacent Units

• Two adjacent buildings
• Two adjacent units of same building
R1  1 R2   2
• Amount of separation

• Floors levels are at same elevation

R

    1 design   2 design
2

• Floors levels are at different elevations
  R   1 design   2 design
 Deformation Design…

• Deformation Compatibility Requirement

• For buildings located in seismic zones IV and
V, it shall be ensured that the structural
components that are not a part of the seismic
force resisting system in the direction under
consideration, do not loose their vertical load
carrying capacity under the induced moments
resulting from storey deformations equal to R
times the storey displacements calculated
under design lateral force in that direction
Deformation Design… Deformation Compatibility Design…

• Applicable to non-seismic elements

• e.g., Columns in flat slab buildings ::
Say, shear walls are designed for total seismic
force
and columns only for gravity
MRF
loads

Shear Wall

Shear Wall
Deformation Design… Deformation Compatibility Design…

R 
 Building Configuration
• Configuration emphasised
• Comprehensive section on identifying
irregularities
• Qualitative definitions of irregular buildings

• Two types
• Plan Irregularities
• Vertical Irregularities
 Building Configuration…

• Plan Irregularities
• Torsion Irregularity Heavy Mass

Irregular Orientation of Lateral

Force Resisting System

 1   2 
 2  1.2 
1 Floor 2  2 
Building Configuration… Plan Irregularities…

• Re-entrant Corners

L
A A
A

A A
 0.15  0.20
L L
Building Configuration… Plan Irregularities…

• Diaphragm Discontinuity
Flexible

Opening

Opening
Building Configuration… Plan Irregularities…

• Out of Plane Offsets

Shear Wall Shear Wall

Shear Wall
Building Configuration… Plan Irregularities…

• Non-Parallel System

x
 Building Configuration…

• Vertical Irregularities
• Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey)

ki  0.7ki 1
ki+1  ki 1  ki  2  ki 3 
ki ki  0.8 
ki-1
 3 
Building Configuration… Vertical Irregularities…

• Mass Irregularity

Wi  2 Wi 1
Wi+1
Wi Wi  2 Wi 1
Wi-1
Building Configuration… Vertical Irregularities…

• Vertical Geometric Irregularities

A
A
 0.15  0.20
A A L

L
A A

L
Building Configuration… Vertical Irregularities…

L1

L2  1.5L1

L1
L2

L2
Building Configuration… Vertical Irregularities…

• In-plane Discontinuity in Lateral Load

Resisting Elements

Upper Floor
Plan

Lower Floor
Plan
Building Configuration… Vertical Irregularities…

• Strength Irregularity (Weak Storey)

Si  0.8Si 1
Si+1
Si
Si-1
 Buildings with Soft Storeys
• Need to increase Stiffness and Strength of
Open or Soft Storeys

• Inverted
pendulum !!
Buildings with Soft Storeys…

• Dynamic Analysis
• Include strength and stiffness of infills
• Inelastic deformations in members
OR
Static Design
• Design columns and beams in soft storey
for
2.5 times the Storey Shears and Moments
calculated under seismic loads
• Design shear walls for 1.5 times the Storey
Shears calculated under seismic loads
 Foundations
• Avoid foundations vulnerable to differential
settlements
• In seismic zones III, IV and V
• Connect individual spread footings and pile caps
with ties
• In seismic zones IV and V
• Except when individual footings rest on rock
• Additional design force for ties in both tension and
in compression ::
Ah
• 4 times larger of column load or pile cap load
 Cantilevers and Projections
• Towers, Parapets, Stacks, Balconies (Small)
• Design of these attachments
• Design of their connections to main structure
• Design force
• 5 times vertical seismic coefficient for horizontal
projections
• 5 times horizontal seismic coefficient5Afor vertical
h
projections

5Av