Group N° 01

 Amaya Eusebio Aldair

 Castañeda Zavaleta Wilder
 Carrasco Meléndez Héctor
 Deza Hiuguay Bruno
 Gamboa Barreto Yerson
 Herradda Villanueva Joel Alexander
 Reyna Peláez Karla Keyla
The term usually used to describe the application of Earth
Sciences to public Works and civil engineering is An applied geologist
engineering geology. By applying geological Knowledge to
engineering Works a quantification of observation results.
The classical techniques of observation are combined Expert in substructures
with those describing the mechanical characteristics of
soils and rocks.
Specialist in soil and
Is at once:
rock mechanics

It is on quantitative data that the builder must rely. Given

these needs, a new type of engineer is emerging: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER
 Foundations for buildings and
civil engineering projects
The interest of the soil engineer must be wide:
Tunnels, dams, earthworks

To illustrate this role, the planning and construction of a

motorway will be examined,
The geologist takes part in the choice of the route,
the identification of difficult zones:
The research programme involves numerous techniques • Stretches of compressible organic material
which follow in chronological sequence. • Unstable natural slopes
• Blasting
• Special foundations

An examination of a motorway will provide examples to

show the role of the geologist and the methods that are The search for construction
used: Selecting the route, handling a landslide, foundations materials
of a civil engineering Project.
The study of fillings and cuttings
The motorway route is subject to many factor other tan
those that relate to the terrain (e.g. socioeconomic
requirement). Nevertheless, as the geologist and the soil
engineer must propose the best route at lowest cost, they
need to use to the máximum all available Knowledge of
regional geology

They must take account of lithology and tectonic to avoid

placing the route in geologically dangerous zones (e.g. clay
levels, strata with a high wáter content, alluvial plains with
a high concentration of compressible peaty soils, unstable
slopes).

The applied geologist provides maps and precise

geological sections with scales appropiate to the different
types of Works that are involved (from 1:1000 to
1:25000)

A geological study goes through several stages.
With a general picture in mind, the applied geologist
procedes to a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY using aerial
photographs or precise topographical observation. Close
attention to all these sources provides a considerable
amount of information on the behaviour of the various
geological formations.

First of all, it requires a thorough Knowledge of regional

geology obtained from careful examination of the
scientific literature.
Local geological maps and the related memoirs must be
read in conjuction with consultation of the archives of the
mining. The bibliographical anaylisis is consolidated by field
trips and systematics visits to existing sites.

Geologist are responsable for integrating into their The geophysical data
observations of the surface,:

The first attempts to identify soils in the laboratory. The first mechanical drilling
 The geological survey produces the
following data:

1. Petrographical character of the surface formations 2. Relations between the surface formations and
to be encountered on the route. those situated below them.

4. Links between facies encountered and certain 3. Surface wáter – groundwater connections in the
geotechnical properties. Laboratory experiments to above formations. Water is a major factor in civil
identify the soils make it possible to draw up soil- engineering as the mechanical properties of soils
engineering maps for the zone studied. depend directly on it.

From this complementary information, it is then posible to estimate the cost of the different parts of the work
 ESTIMATE THE COST OF THE DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE WORK

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

FIELD TRIPS AND SYSTEMATIC VISITS

EXAMINATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC

LITERATURE
 Geophysical Strata
Surveying
formation Surface
Water

Identification
of soils
Unstable
slopes

Soil-
engineering
maps Aerial Topographi Soil
photographs cal maps conditions
 GEOHAZARDS AND ENGINEERING
The Earth is a dynamic system and
many of the natural disasters that occur
are manifestations of geological
earthquakes
processes in the crust and/ or at the
surface, often exacerbated by the
effects of weather and human activity.
volcanic
eruptions account for
Cumulatively, enormous loss of
geohazards - life and damage
including to property
landslides

tsunamis
 Earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions Landslides
Knowledge of the
processes that
formed river valleys
can help in
although not determining
preventable, can be usually triggered by flood risk. In every
mitigated by risk exceptional events, case, an
assessment and such as earthquakes understanding of
disaster management or intense rainfall. the geological
planning.
processes can help
to model
risk and formulate
strategies for
avoidance
or mitigation.
 BGS undertakes a full range of geotechnical
and engineering geology investigations in
Customised thematic
the UK and internationally.
maps address
applications such as
BGS scientists can urban regeneration,
provide developers, derelict land
planners, financiers, characterisation, and
hazardous ground civil engineers and linear route planning.
conditions including insurers with site-
slope instability, specific information
Surveys are backed subsidence,solution on ground conditions
by laboratory services cavities, clay across the UK.
and databases heave/shrinkage,
covering geology, and abandoned
boreholes, man- mining.
made ground
Types of Rock
Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to the major Earth
processes that formed them. The three rock groups are igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Anyone who wishes to collect
rockszshould become familiar with the characteristics of these three
rock groups. Knowing how a geologist classifies rocks is important if
you want to transform a random group of rock specimens into a true
collection
 Igneous rock

Sedimentary
rock

Metamorphic
rock
z
Igneous Rock
 Igneous rocks, also called volcanic rocks, are formed from melted
rock that has cooled and solidified. When rocks are buried deep
within the Earth, they melt because of the high pressure and
temperature; the molten rock (called magma) can then flow upward
or even be erupted from a volcano onto the Earth‘s surface. When
magma cools slowly, usually at depths of thousands of feet, crystals
grow from the molten liquid, and a coarse-grained rock forms.
When magma cools rapidly, usually at or near the Earth‘s surface,
the crystals are extremely small, and a fine-grained rock results. A
wide variety of rocks are formed by different cooling rates and
different chemical compositions of the original magma. Obsidian
(volcanic glass), granite, basalt, and andesite porphyry are four of
the many types of igneous rock.
z
Common igneous (volcanic rocks) are basalt, andesite,
and rhyolite. When magmas crystallize deep underground
they look different from volcanic rocks because they cool
more slowly and, therefore, have larger crystals. Igneous
rocks cooled beneath the Earth‘s surface are called
intrusive rocks. The intrusive equivalents of basalt,
andesite, and rhyolite are gabbro, diorite, and granite,
respectively.
 BASALT

RIOLITA

GRANITE
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are formed at the surface of the Earth, either in water or on land.

They are layered

Temperatures and
accumulations of
pressures are low at the
sediments: fragments of
Earth‘s surface, and
rocks, minerals, or animal
sedimentary rocks show
or plant material. held
this fact by their
together by electrical
appearance and the
attraction remain loose
minerals they contain.
and unconsolidated.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Or are held
together by If they are at high
electrical The layers are angles to the
Most sedimentary rocks attraction; normally surface or are
become cemented some, parallel or twisted or broken,
together by minerals and however, nearly parallel some kind of Earth
chemicals remain loose to the Earth‘s movement has
and surface occurred since
unconsolidat the rock was
ed. formed.
 Sedimentary rocks are
forming around us all the
time. Sand and gravel on
beaches or in river bars
look like the sandstone and
conglomerate they will
become
Sandstone
Compacted and dried mud flats
harden into shale. Scuba divers
who have seen mud and shells
settling on the floors of lagoons
find it easy to understand how
sedimentary rocks form.
Common
sedimentary
rocks include
Limestone
These rocks often
start as sediments
carried in rivers and
deposited in lakes
and oceans. When
buried, the sediments
lose water and
become cemented to
Shale. form rock.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Sometimes sedimentary and igneous rocks are subjected to pressures
so intense or heat so high that they are completely changed.
They become metamorphic rocks, which form while deeply buried
within the Earth‘s crust.
The process of metamorphism does not melt the rocks, but instead
transforms them into denser, more compact rocks.

New minerals are created either by rearrangement of mineral

components or by reactions with fluids that enter the rocks.
Some kinds of metamorphic rocks--granite gneiss and
biotite schist are two examples--are strongly banded
or foliated.

Pressure or temperatura can even change

previously metamorphosed rocks into new types

Common metamorphic rocks include schist,

marble, and gneiss.

Sedimentary rock shale when buried and heated to

high temperatures becomes transformed
 Match the three types of rocks to their definitions and put
TASK 1 the examples of rocks into the table, too: “marble”,
“granite”, “limestone”, “coal”, “slate”, “basalt”,
“sandstone”, “shale” and “lava”

TYPES DEFINITION EXAMPLE

These rocks were formed from the

Sedimentary remains of animals or plants and other shale, limestone,
Rocks rocks which had been crushed together. sandstone, coal

These rocks were formed when hot,

Igneous Granite, basalt,
molten volcanic material cooled and
Rocks lava
solidified.

These rocks were once igneous or

Metamorphic sedimentary and were changed by great
Marble, slate
Rocks heat and pressure.
TASK 2
Label the missing parts of the rock cycle and describe the
steps when igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
are formed.

Deposition
Granite

Limestone
Magma

Marble
Sediments

Metamorphic
Exposure rocks

Igneous Weathering
rocks
Erosion and
Basalt transport
 Exposure Weathering

Marble
Erosion and
transport
Basalt Granite
Deposition

Igneous Sediments
rocks

Limestone

Metamorphic
rocks

Magma
 WORD:
GEOLOGIST

• DEFINITION:
Person who is responsible for locating and evaluating
natural resources such as water, minerals and oil so that,
at a later stage, engineers see the exploitation process.
• WHERE FOUND:
The geologist takes part in the choice of the route, the
identification of difficult zones.
• TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS FOUND:
 That geologist works in Canada.
 Is a geologist of the first expedition of Yanacocha.
WORD:
BLASTING
• DEFINITION:
Is the action of fracture or fragment the rock or hard soil by
the use of explosives.
• WHERE FOUND:
Difficult zones (for example, stretches of compressible
organic material, unstable natural slopes, blasting, special
foundations).
• TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS FOUND:
 the blasting design was perfect.
 Planned blasting for mineral extraction.
WORD:
GEOLOGICAL MAPS

• DEFINITION:
Is the representation on a topographic plane of the
geological accidents that appear in the terrestrial surface.
• WHERE FOUND:
Local geological maps and the related memoirs must be
read in conjunction with consultation of the archives of the
mining.
• TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS FOUND:
A geological map through field measurements and
observations.
The geological map revealed flaws in the terrain.
WORD:
MINERALS

• DEFINITION:
Is a naturally occurring substance of defined chemical
composition, usually solid and inorganic, and having a
certain crystalline structure.
• WHERE FOUND:
Thousands of different types of rocks and minerals have
been found on Earth.
• TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS FOUND:
 A rock is a set of minerals.
 Diamond is the hardest mineral.
WORD:
IGNEOUS ROCKS

DEFINITION:
ARE THOSE ROCKS THAT FORM WHEN THE MAGMA (MOLTEN ROCK) COOLS AND SOLIDIFIES.

WHERE IT IS FOUND:
IGNEOUS ROCKS, ALSO CALLED VOLCANIC ROCKS, ARE FORMED FROM MELTED ROCK THAT HAS
COOLED AND SOLIDIFIED.

TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS A FOUND:

 TYPES OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS DEPEND ON THE WAY IN WHICH COOLING TAKES
PLACE, WHETHER IT IS FAST OR SLOW.

 IGNEOUS ROCKS MAKE UP 95% OF THE UPPER PART OF THE EARTH'S CRUST.
WORD:
LANDSLIDES

DEFINITION:
IT IS A TYPE OF LAND MOVEMENT, CAUSED BY THE INSTABILITY OF A PENDING.

WHERE IT IS FOUND:
CUMULATIVELY, GEOHAZARDS - INCLUDING EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, LANDSLIDES
AND TSUNAMIS - ACCOUNT FOR ENORMOUS LOSS OF LIFE AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.

TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS A FOUND:

 THE LANDSLIDES ARE CAUSED BY RAINS THAT MOINSTEN THE SOIL.

 EARTH LANDSLIDES OCCUR WHEN A LAND MASS PASSES FROM AN UNSTABLE

ZONE TO A STABLE ONE.
WORD:
FACIES

DEFINITION:
FACIES THE SET OF SEDIMENTARY OR METAMORPHIC ROCKS THAT HELP RECOGNIZE THE
SEDIMENTARY OR METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTS RESPECTIVELY, IN WHICH THE ROCK FORMED.

WHERE IT IS FOUND:
LINKS BETWEEN FACIES ENCOUNTERED AND CERTAIN GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES. LABORATORY
EXPERIMENTS TO IDENTIFY THE SOILS MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DRAW UP SOIL-ENGINEERING MAPS
FOR THE ZONE STUDIED.

TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS A FOUND:

 THE FACIES WERE AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BASES OF

THE MODERN STRATIGRAPHY.

 THE FACIES ALLOW TO CHARACTERIZE WITH SUFFICIENT PRECISION THE

SEDIMENTARY MEDIUM IN WHICH THEY WERE FORMED.
WORD:
LITOLOGY

DEFINITION:
LITHOLOGY IS THE PART OF GEOLOGY THAT STUDIES ROCKS, ESPECIALLY THEIR GRAIN SIZE, THE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES AND THEIR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

WHERE IT IS FOUND:
THEY MUST TAKE ACCOUNT OF LITHOLOGY AND TECTONICS TO AVOID PLACING THE ROUTE IN
GEOLOGICALLY DANGEROUS ZONES (E.G. CLAY LEVELS, STRATA WITH A HIGH WATER CONTENT,
ALLUVIAL PLAINS WITH A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF COMPRESSIBLE PEATY SOILS, UNSTABLE
SLOPES).

TWO SENTENCES WHERE THE WORD IS A FOUND:

 PART OF THE GEOLOGY THAT STUDIES THE ROCKS AND, ESPECIALLY, THE
SEDIMENTARY ONES.

 THE ROCKS ARE THE CENTER OF STUDY IN WHICH LITHOLOGY IS FOCUSED.

WORD: DEFINITION:
• This is the science that
analyzes the inner and
• Geology outer shape of the globe.
WHERE IT WAS
FOUND:
• The term usually used to
describe the application of
earth sciences to public
works and civil
engineering is the geology
of engineering.
Two sentences where
the word is found:
• Geology is the
determined study of
planet earth
• Part of the geology that
deals with the formation
of mountains
WORD:

• Drilling

DEFINITION:

• Making a hole that crosses the surface (rock, soil)

Where Found:

• Surveys are backed by laboratory services and databases covering

geology, drilling wells.

Two sentences where the word is found:

• om's company is drilling for oil

• The operation of drilling is frequently interrupted by the
occurrence of an accident
Word: • Rock

• It’s each one of the

diverse solid materials,
Definition: formed by crystals or
grains of one or more
minerals.

• Thousands of different types of

Where Found: rocks and minerals have been
found on earth.

Two sentences • The rock has got fractures

where the word
is found: • That rock has got hollows
Word:
• Limestone

Definition:
• The limestone is a sedimentary rock composed
mainly of calcium carbonate.

Where it was found:

• Today in the Guadalupe mountains of west Texas,
one can be on limestone, a sedimentary rock.

Two sentences where you find the

word:
• Limestone holds the heat
• The limestone is gray