Earthquake Risk Engineering

Lecture 18:

Earthquake Protection Strategies

Disaster Preparedness

Master of Science (M.Sc.) in

Disaster Risk Management
Institute of Engineering
 RISK ASSESSMENT
ACCEPTABLE RISK
•EARTHQUAKES
•INVENTORY RISK
•VULNERABILITY UNACCEPTABLE RISK
•LOCATION

GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION CITY

FOUR PILLARS OF
RESILIENCE
HAZARDS: •PREPAREDNESS
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE •PROTECTION
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TSUNAMI RUN UP •RECOVERY IENCE
AFTERSHOCKS
 The Technique of Developing a
Disaster Planning Scenario
• Purpose:
Information from disaster scenarios
will facilitate the adoption and
implementation of policies and
plans to enable a city to be well
prepared for future events.
DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN---

A CITY’S (COMMUNITY’S)
PUBLIC POLICIES LEAVE IT …

UN—PREPARED
FOR THE INEVITABLE NATURAL HAZARDS
 GLOBAL GOAL:
FROM UN—PREPARED
TO
A STATE OF
PREPAREDNESS
FOR ALL CITIES AND ALL
NATURAL HAZARDS
 Summary

• A risk assessment is the

probabilistic integration of:
• The hazard (e.g., earthquakes) and
their potential disaster agents
(ground shaking, etc) and
• The exposure, location and
vulnerability of elements of the
city’s built environment).
 Summary: Hazard Environment

• The parameters of the hazard

environment control the primary
disaster agents of ground shaking
and ground failure and the
secondary disaster agents of
surface fault rupture, tsunami wave
run up, seiche, regional tectonic
deformation, and aftershocks.
 Summary: Built Environment

• The built environment is comprised

of buildings and infrastructure (the
exposure, or the elements at risk),
each having a relative vulnerability
to a specific potential disaster agent
such as ground shaking.
 Hazard Maps

BASED ON A
PROBABILISTIC MODEL
 Required Information
• Location of active faults.
• Geometry of the faults.
• Regional tectonic setting.
• Spatial and temporal
characteristics of seismicity
 Required Information
• Rate of decay of seismic energy
with distance from the point of fault
rupture.
• Magnitude, other source
parameters, and geologic structure.
 Required Information
• The physical properties of
shallow, near-surface soils.
• Construction materials of the
exposure (buildings and
infrastructure)
 Ground Shaking
• Ground shaking is characterized by
two primary parameters:
1) the acceleration time history, and
2) its spectral acceleration.
• Each varies as a function of
magnitude, distance from the fault
zone, and the properties of the local
soil and rock column.
Time History and Spectra
 Constructing a Probabilistic
Earthquake Hazard Map
SESMIC SOURCES RECURRENCE

ATTENUATION PROBABILITY
 Constructing a Map
• The first step is to choose one of
the following parameters to map:
• Intensity (Typically MMI values)
• Peak ground acceleration (Typically
PGA values)
• Spectral acceleration (Typically
0.2 s period (short buildings)
and/or 1.0 s period (tall buildings)
 Constructing a Map

• The second step is to choose an

appropriate scale for the application
and prepare a grid of points (e.g., 0.05
degree latitude and longitude)
 Constructing a Map

• The final steps are to add the

layers of data, such as:
– The geographic boundaries and
cultural features of the community.
– The fault systems.
– The seismicity.
– Seismic attenuation and soil
 Calculations

• Perform calculations for an

exposure time (e.g., 50 or 100
years), and exceedance probability
(e.g., 2 % or 10 %).
From a Ground Shaking Map to
Public Policy

A map format facilitates dialogue

on the best ways to form public
policy for protecting the city’s
essential facilities and critical
infra-structure, another key
element of disaster resilience.
Expected Loss, Vulnerabilty, And
Ground Shaking
35
% OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
30
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,

25

20

15

10

0
V VI VII VIII IX

INTENSITY
 Policy Environment

• A city’s leaders make the decisions on

what it will do to control and reduce its
perceived risks (e.g., by adopting and
implementing policies such as building
codes, and lifeline standards to
protect, and retrofit and rehabilitation
to sustain).
 Risk Assessment
• The exposure (e.g., people, and
elements of the community’s built
environment) represent the TYPE and
EXTENT of loss that is possible.
• The vulnerability (or fragility) of each
element comprising the exposure
affect nature and extent of damage and
potential for collapse and loss of
function.
•
 Risk Assessment (Continued)
• The location of each element of the
exposure in relation to the hazard
(ground shaking) affects the severity of
shaking and potential damage.
• The uncertainty in parameters that
characterize the hazard and built
environments affect decision making.

•
 Vulnerability of Elements
• Note: Each element has a unique
vulnerability (fragility) to
earthquake ground shaking as
the result of flaws that enter
during the planning, siting,
design, construction, use, and
maintenance of individual
buildings and elements of
infrastructure.
 Vulnerability
• An element’s vulnerability is related to
varying designs, ranging from non-
engineered (e.g., a single-family
dwelling) to engineered (e.g., a high-rise
building).
• Vulnerability is related to varying ages
of construction, which also means
varying editions of the building code
and its seismic design provisions.
 Vulnerability
• Vulnerability is related to varying construction
materials (e.g., wood, un-reinforced masonry, un-
reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete, light
metal, and steel).
• Vulnerability is related to the design for varying
service lives (e.g., 30 years for the half-life of a
class of houses; 40 years for a class of bridges,
etc.).
• Vulnerability is related to varying configurations
(i.e., elevations and floor plans).
• NOTE: The greater the vulner-ability the higher
the potential for the building to collapse)
•
Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if attention
given to foundation
1-2 and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation
and structure.
Box
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Top heavy,
asymmetrical structure
4-6 may fail at foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.

Inverted Pyramid
 Configuration Vulnerability
BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
2-3 damping may cause
failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.
Multiple Setbacks
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
5-6 mass, stiffness and
damping may cause
failure where lower
and upper structures
“L”- Shaped join.
Building
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transition and
asymmetry may cause
3-5 failure where lower
part is attached to
tower.

Inverted “T”
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical
transitions in mass
6-7 and stiffness may
cause failure on soft
side of first floor;
rocking and
Partial “Soft” Story overturning.
Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
4-5 may fail at transition
point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
Overhang
 Analysis of Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
8 - 10 may cause failure on
transition points
between first and
second floors.
“Soft” First Floor
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical
transition in stiffness
8-9 and cause failure of
individual members.

Theaters and
Assembly Halls
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical
transitions in mass
9 - 10 and stiffness may
cause failure at
transition points and
possible overturning.
Combination of
“Soft” Story and
Overhang
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical
transition in mass and
9 - 10 stiffness may cause
failure columns.

Sports Stadiums
 Configuration Vulnerability

BUILDING LOCATIONS OF
ELEVATION POTENTIAL FAILURE

RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
10 columns may cause
failure of columns at
foundation and/or
contact points with
structure.
Building on
Sloping Ground
The Goal of Every City

• Well prepared for

all natural
hazards (e.g.,
floods, severe
windstorms,
earthquakes, etc.)
Disaster Preparedness

• Know your hazards

• Know your city
• Know what to do
when…
• Know how to do it
whem…