Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Methods
CHAPTER 1
Uma Sekaran
Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan
Mudrajad Kuncoro, Ph.D.
Why research
Research may be described as a
combination
of:
– a quest of knowledge and understanding
– an interesting and, perhaps, useful experience.
– a course for qualification
– a career
– a style of life
– an essential process for commercial success
– a way to improve human quality of life
– a justification for funds for your department in your
university or company.
1. 2
What is Research?
1. 3
What is Research?
1. 4
What is research?
1. 6
What is business research?
• Research provides the needed information
that guides managers to make informed
decisions to successfully deal with problems.
• The information provided could be the result
of a careful analysis of data gathered firsthand
or of data that are already available (in the
company).
Business Research
• In business, research is conducted to resolve problematic issues
in, or interrelated among, the areas of accounting, finance,
management, and marketing.
• Accounting:
Budget control system, practices, inventory costing methods,
accelerated depreciation, taxation methods…etc.
• Finance:
The operation of financial institutions, optimum financial ratios,
mergers and acquisitions, ..etc.
• Management:
– Employee attitudes and behaviors, human resources management,
production operations management. Information systems…etc.
• Marketing:
– Advertising, sale promotion, distribution, packing, pricing, after-sale
service…etc.
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Business Research
1. 9
Basic and Applied Research
Basic Research aims to expand the frontiers of science and knowledge by verifying
or disproving the acceptability of a given theory or attempting to discover more
about a certain concept (non-specificity)
1.Applied research
Is to solve a current problem faced by the manager
in the work setting, demanding a timely solution
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Applied research.
1. 13
Applied research
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Basic Or Fundamental Or Pure Research.
1. 15
Basic or fundamental Research
1. 16
Figure 1.1 Basic and applied research
Source: Authors’ experience, Easterby-Smith et al., 2002,
1. 17
The Building Blocks of Science in
Research
Deduction and Inductions
Answers to issues can be
found either by the process of
induction or the process of
deduction, or by a
combination of the two.
Deduction
• Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a
reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a
known fact.
Deduktif
Penarikan kesimpulan untuk hal spesifik
dari gejala umum
Induktif
Penarikan kesimpulan berdasarkan
keadaan spesifik untuk hal yang umum
Other Types of Research
Case studies and action research
are sometimes used to study
certain types of issues.
1. Case Studies
2. Action Research
Case Studies
• Case studies involve in depth, contextual analyses of
similar situations in the other organizations, where
the nature and definition of the problem happen to
be the same as experienced in the current situation.
• Case study, as a problem solving technique, is not
often undertaken in organizations because such
studies dealing with problems similar to the one
experienced by a particular organization of a
particular size and in a particular type of setting are
difficult to come by.
Action Research
• The researcher begins with a problem that is already
identified and gathers relevant data to provide a
tentative problem solution.
• This solution is then implemented, with the
knowledge that there may be unintended
consequences following such implementation.
• The effects are then evaluated, defined and
diagnosed and the research continues on an ongoing
basis until the problem is fully resolved.
Klasifikasi menurut tujuan
Penelitian murni: meliputi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan
Penelitian terapan: menyangkut aplikasi teori untuk memecahkan
permasalahan tertentu. Ada 3 macam contoh:
Assuming this study was properly designed (and properly designed studies
will be discussed in detail in later chapters), if people in the experimental
group had fewer headaches than people in the control group, the
researcher could conclude that the new medication reduces headaches.