ECE

Engr. Marcelo V. Rivera

The curl of A is an axial (or rotational) vector whose
magnitude is the maximum circulation of A per unit area as
the area tends to zero and whose direction is the normal
direction of the area when the area is oriented so as to make
the circulation maximum.
‫ 𝐿ׯ‬A ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐀 = 𝛻 × 𝐀 = lim 𝑎𝑛
∆𝑆→0 ∆𝑆 𝑚𝑎𝑥
In Cartesian coordinates:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐀=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑥
𝛻×𝐀= − 𝒂𝒙 − − 𝒂𝒚 + − 𝒂𝒛
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
In cylindrical coordinates:
𝑎𝜌 𝜌𝑎𝜙 𝑎𝑧
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐀=
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
𝐴𝜌 𝜌𝐴𝜙 𝐴𝑧
1 𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝐴𝜙 𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝐴𝜌 1 𝜕 𝜌𝐴𝜙 𝜕𝐴𝜌
𝛻×𝐀= − 𝒂𝜌 − − 𝒂𝜙 + − 𝒂𝒛
𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜙
In spherical coordinates:
𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎θ 𝑟 sin θ 𝑎𝜙
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐀= 2
𝑟 sin θ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝜕𝜙
𝐴𝑟 𝑟𝐴θ 𝑟 sin θ 𝐴𝜙

1 𝜕 𝐴𝜙 sin θ 𝜕𝐴θ 1 𝜕 𝑟𝐴𝜙 1 𝜕𝐴𝑟 1 𝜕 𝑟𝐴θ 𝜕𝐴𝑟

𝛻×𝐀= − 𝒂𝒓 − − 𝒂θ + − 𝒂𝜙
𝑟 sin θ 𝜕θ 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 sin θ 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ
Illustration of curl:
a) Curl of a vector field at P points out of the page;
b) Curl of vector field at P is zero.
Stoke’s theorem states that the circulation of vector field A
around a (closed) path L is equal to the surface integral of the
curl of A over the open surface S bounded by L provided that
A and 𝛻 × 𝐀 are continuous on S.

‫𝐒𝑑 ∙ 𝐀 × 𝛻 𝑺׬ = 𝑙𝑑 ∙ 𝐀 𝑳ׯ‬
Given 𝐹ത 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗, find 𝛻 × 𝐹ത
𝛻 × 𝐹ത = 0
Given 𝐹ത 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑥𝑘, find 𝛻 × 𝐹ത
𝛻 × 𝐹ത = −𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘
Given 𝐹ത 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘, find 𝛻 × 𝐹ത
𝛻 × 𝐹ത = 0
Given 𝐹ത 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘, find 𝛻 × 𝐹ത
𝛻 × 𝐹ത = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑘
Calculate the curl of the vector field
𝐹ത 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑖 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘.
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹ത = 0
If φ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 and 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑘, a) 𝛻 × 𝐴 and
b) curl(φ𝐴).
a) 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 2𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝑗
b) curl φ𝐴
= 4𝑥 4 𝑦𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦𝑧 3 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 𝑗 − 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑧 4 𝑘
Determine the curl of the vector field:
P = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑎𝑧
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑎𝑧
Determine the curl of the vector field:
Q = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 𝜌2 𝑧𝑎𝜙 + 𝑧 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑧
 1
− 𝑧 sin 𝜙 + 𝜌3 𝑎𝜌 + 3𝜌𝑧 − cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑧
𝜌
Determine the curl of the vector field:
1
T = 2 cos θ 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑟 sin θ cos 𝜙 𝑎θ + cos θ 𝑎𝜙
𝑟
cos 2θ cos θ 1
+ sin 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 − 𝑎θ + 2 cos 𝜙 + 3 sin θ 𝑎𝜙
𝑟 sin θ 𝑟 𝑟
Determine the curl of the vector field and evaluate at the
specified point.
A = 𝑦𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 𝑦𝑎𝑧 , at (1, -2, 3)
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑧 , 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 − 11𝑎𝑧
Determine the curl of the vector field and evaluate at the
specified point.
𝐵 = 𝜌𝑧 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 3𝜌𝑧 2 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 at (5, 𝜋/2, 1)
−6𝜌𝑧 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 𝜌 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 + 6𝑧 − 1 𝑧 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑧 , 5𝑎𝜙
Determine the curl of the vector field and evaluate at the
specified point.
𝐶 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑟1/2 𝑎𝜙 , at (1, 𝜋/6, 𝜋/3)
co𝑡 𝜃 3
1/2 𝑎𝑟 − 2 co𝑡 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + 1 𝑎𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 ,
𝑟
2𝑟 2
1.732ar − 4.5𝑎𝜃 + 0.5𝑎𝜙
If 𝐴 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 , evaluate ‫ 𝑙𝑑 ∙ 𝐴 ׯ‬around the path
shown in figure. Confirm this using Stoke’s theorem.
4.941
Calculate the circulation of
𝐀 = 𝝆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝒂𝝆 + 𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓𝒂𝒛 , around
the edge L of the wedge defined by
0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 60°, 𝑧 = 0 and in
the figure shown.
Confirm the result with stoke’s
theorem.
1
The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written as 𝛻 2 V, as the
divergence of the gradient of V.
𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝛻V = 𝛻 2 𝑉
In Cartesian coordinates:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝝏 𝑽 𝝏 𝑽 𝝏 𝑽
𝜵 𝑽= 𝟐+ 𝟐+ 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
In Cylindrical coordinates:
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏 𝑽 𝝏 𝑽
𝜵 𝑽= 𝝆 + 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝝆 𝝏𝝆 𝝏𝝆 𝝆 𝝏𝝓 𝝏𝒛

In Spherical coordinates:
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝝏 𝟐
𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏 𝑽
𝜵 𝑽= 𝟐 𝒓 + 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝟐
𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝝏𝝓𝟐
A scalar field V is said to be harmonic in a given region if its
Laplacian vanishes in that region or:
𝛻2𝑉 = 0
Find the Laplacian of the scalar field of:
V = 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦
𝛻 2 𝑉 = −2𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦
Find the Laplacian of the scalar field of:
U = 𝜌2 𝑧 cos 2𝜙
𝛻2𝑈 = 0
Find the Laplacian of the scalar field of:
W = 10𝑟 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜙
 2
10 cos 𝜙
𝛻 𝑊= 1 + 2 cos 2𝜃
𝑟
All vector fields are classified in terms of their vanishing or
nonvanishing divergence or curl as follows:

a) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 0
b) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 ≠ 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 0
c) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 ≠ 0
d) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 ≠ 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 ≠ 0
a) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 0
b) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 ≠ 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 0
c) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 ≠ 0
d) 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 ≠ 0, 𝛻 × 𝐴 ≠ 0
𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0 - Solenoidal or divergenceless vector field.
𝛻 × 𝐴 = 0 – irrotational or potential vector field.
A curl free vector is irrotational.
An irrotational field is conservative field.
1. kasjhlsak
2. Sdfslkf
3. Dfgdfgd
4. sdlkfsdl;f
1.