MINERAL FUELS

(Coal, Petroleum and Gas, Associates)

BY:
DONA, JOHN PAOLEO A.
ESPINO, RALPH PATRICK P.
ORNOPIA, MARK JENER V.
TOLIBAS, PETER GINIO NICOLAS P.
OUTLINE
BACKGROUND

DISTRIBUTION

PROCESS OF FORMATION

KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION

USAGE

LOCAL SOURCES

CONTRACT AND CONSTITUTION

COAL
BACKGROUND
• Coal is a combustible black or
brownish-black sedimentary rock
with a high amount of carbon and
hydrocarbon
• Coal is considered as a non-
renewable energy
• Coal contains the energy of plants
that lived hundreds and million of
years ago in swampy forest
• It has long been the backbone of
industrial life
COAL
DISTRIBUTION
COAL
PROCESS AND FORMATION

• The energy in coal comes from energy

that was stored in giant plants that
lived hundred of years ago in swamp
forest

• When these giant plants and fern died,

they formed layers at the bottom of the
swamps

• Water and dirt began to pile on top of

the dead plant remains.
COAL
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION

Divided in 5 main groups:

1. Peat – accumulation of partly decomposed plant

matter that represents 1st stage of formation for
all coals

2. Lignite (25% - 35% carbon) – brownish black and

is composed of woody matter embedded in macer

3. Sub-bituminous (35% - 45% carbon) –

intermediate coal, it’s dull, black and waxy. Also
shows some woody material

4. Bituminous (45% - 86% carbon) – soft coal with

dense, dark, brittle banded coal that is well
jointed and breaks in cubical or prismatic blocks.
Vegetable matter is not ordinarily visible.

5. Anthracite (86% - 97% carbon) – hard coal with

high luster, is brittle and breaks with a conchoidal
fracture.
 COAL
CLASSIFICATION

• Fusain – Mineral charcoal or mother of coal, is

carbonized wood resembling charcoal

• Vitrain – Constitutes thin bands of bright,

glassy-looking, jetlike coal with conchoidal
fracture

• Durain – is dull coal, lacking luster and having a

matte or earthy appearance.

• Clarain – forms thin bands in coal,

characterized by bright color and silky luster

• Attritus – is finely divided plant residue

composed of more resistant plant products.
COAL
USAGE

• Primary source of heat and power

 78% is used for fuel

 22% is used for pig iron

• Cheapest source of energy

COAL
LOCAL SOURCES

SEMIRARA MINING
AND POWER CORPORATION
• Found in Semirara Island,
Philippines, an open-cut coal mine,
which mine a sub-bituminous coal
• Biggest producer of coal in the
country (90%) and only open pit mine
in the Philippines which extract coal
• According to the independent review
done by Minarco Asia Pacific Pty Ltd,
there are proven to be recoverable
reserve in the Panian Pit which
currently being mined is 52 million
metric tons, while there are 210
million metric tons of in-situ coal
COAL
CONTRACT AND AGREEMENT
• The contract given to the company has exclusive right to conduct
exploration, development and coal-mining operations in Semirara Island.
• Department of Energy granted the company for the extension of its Coal
Operating Contract up to July 14, 2027
• Apart from coal, Semirara Island has about 824 thousand tons of silica, 1.2
billion tons of limestone and 2.9 million tons of clay. The present permit
grants the company to explore them but the company has the option to
convert to Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA). The MPSA
grants the company the right to mine these other resources.
COAL
CONTRACT AND AGREEMENT
• DOE share is the royalty paid to the Department of Energy, as provided for
the Coal Operating Contract granted to the company by the government
• By virtue of Presidential Decree 972, otherwise known as Coal Development
Act, the company are exempted to pay all taxes except income tax.
• Follows the laws governing the use and extraction of coal deposits in the
Philippines such as the following:
a) PD 972
b) PD 1174
c) BED CIRCULAR NO.1, Series of 1978, "COAL MINE SAFETY RULES
AND REGULATIONS“
d) BED CIRCULAR NO. 81-11-10, "GUIDELINES FOR COAL
OPERATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES"
FORMATION
 DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL
SETTINGS
• Petroleum is usually in sedimentary rocks, only rarely
moved into adjacent igneous rocks
• Containing rocks of commercial pools: Sands, Sandstones,
Conglomerates, Porous Limestone
 DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL
SETTINGS
Oil Pool- accumulation of petroleum in rock pores
Conditions for Formation:
1. Migration and Accumulation
2. Suitable Reservoir
3 Suitable Traps
4. Retention
DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL
SETTINGS
2. Suitable reservoir
1. Migration and
Accumulation • The most suitable
reservoir should be
Forces that cause migration: porous and permeable.
• Compaction These includes Sands,
Sandstones, Limestones,
• Capillarity Dolomites and rarely
• Bouyancy Shales

• Specific Gravity • The most common

caprocks are Shale and
• Currents Clay, but dense, well-
cemented and fine
grained rocks can also
serve as a caprock
DISTRIBUTION AND LOCAL
SETTINGS
3. Traps or Structures 4. Retention
• Depth
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Metamorphism and Carbon
Ratios
• Associated Water
• Fractionation
• Preserval and Destruction
IMPORTANT OIL FIELDS IN THE
WORLD
Appalchian East Central
• Oldest field of the country • Oil comes from McCloskey
sand and sandstones of
• Gravity 39 to 48 degrees Chester series, the Benoist
Sand, & a Devonian sand at
• Production comes from 22 Sandoval
sands, chiefly from two (Berea
& Big Injun) • Pools found in domes along
large anticlines and in edging
• Ave. thickness 25 ft sands
• Shallow Depth
• Oil & Gas Occurs in anticlines
and synclines and up-dip edges
of lensing sands
IMPORTANT OIL FIELDS IN THE
WORLD
Mid-continent Gulf Coast
• Includes several units such • Salt-Dome region
as Oklahoma-Kansas Basin,
Wichita-Amarillo, Bend • Production is both shallow
Arch, West Texas-New and deep
Mexico, and Balcones Fault
Ouachita Area
IMPORTANT OIL FIELDS IN THE
WORLD
Rocky Mountain
• Embraces parts of Montana,
Wyoming, Colorado, and
New Mexicoand extends
northward into Turner
Valley, Alberta.
California Province
• second ranking oil state
• yields 250 Mill. BBL from 60
oil and gas pools in thick
Tertiary strata in (1) San
Joaquin Valley (2) Los
Angeles Lakeer Basin (3)
Ventura and Santa Maria
Production
1.

2
.
3
.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
.
Production
68
.69
.70
.
Production
Reserves

Source: United States Energy Information Administration

USAGE
• The primary use of oil is to produce energy for heat and
for lubricants
• Oil may be used in its crude state for fuel oil or road oil,
but most of it is refined into its component parts
USAGE
GAS
Natural gas is defined as “a mixture of hydrocarbons and
varying quantities of nonhydrocarbons that exists either in
the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural
underground reservoirs.”
 GAS: Background
• 1000, B.C. – the famous Oracle at Delphi, on Mount Parnassus in ancient Greece, was
built where natural gas seeped from the ground in a flame.
• 500 B.C. – the Chinese started using crude bamboo “pipelines” to transport gas that
seeped to the surface and to use it to boil sea water to get drinkable water.
• 1795-1805 – The first attempts to manufacture fuel gas in a commercial in France
byPhilippe Lebon, and in England by William Murdoch.
• 1812 – Frederick Winsor was the key player behind the creation of the first gas utility.
• 1820s – Manufactured gas utilities were founded first in England, and then in the rest of
Europe and North America.
• In the second half of the 19th century, the manufactured fuel gas industry diversified out
of lighting and into heat and cooking.
• About 1898 – Acetylene was also used for gas cooking and gas lightning.
• 1890s – pipelines from natural gas fields in Texas and Oklahoma were built to Chicago
and other cities, and natural gas was used to supplement manufactured fuel gas
supplies, eventually completely displacing it.
GAS: Formation
GAS: Formation
GAS: Distribution and Local Settings
GAS: Distribution and Local Settings
Top five countries with highest natural gas reserves

• Russia: Russia holds about one fourth of the world's total

proven gas reserves. It reserves stood at 47.8 trillion cubic
metre (Tcm) as of January 2016
• Iran: With a proven natural gas reserves of 34tcm, Iran holds
the world’ s second biggest natural gas reserves.
• Qatar: Holding proven natural gas reserves of 24tcm,
• United States of America: The US holds the world's fourth
largest natural gas reserves, with 10.4tcm of proven reserves.
• Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia holds the fifth largest natural
gas reserves in the world. Its proven reserves stood at 8.4tcm
as of January 2016.
GAS: Distribution and Local Settings
• Natural gas deposits in the Philippines may be classified
into four types, namely: oil gas, coal gas, water-associated
gas and inorganic gas.
Major Deposits
 Camago – Malampaya Gas Deposit
 San Antonio Gas Deposit
 Libertad Gas Deposit
 Other Gas Resources
o Iloilo Basin
o Central Luzon Basin
SEDIMENTARY
BASIN MAP
of the PHILIPPINES
GAS: Distribution and Local Settings
GAS: Distribution and Local Settings
GAS: Distribution and Local Settings
Malampaya gas field or the Malampaya-Camago field is a deepwater gas-
condensate reservoir, located in the Service Contract 38 license area, located
offshore, 65 km northwest of the island of Palawan, Philippines.
 The field was developed and currently operated by Shell Philippines Exploration
(SPEX) with joint venture partners – Chevron Malampaya and Philippine National
Oil Company Exploration Corporation.
Natural Gas Resources
 Discovered: 3.8 TcF
 Undiscovered: 24.7 TcF (33% mapped)
GAS: Kind and Classification

Gases are classified as dry or wet

according to the amount of liquid
vapor that they contain.
GAS: Kinds and Classification
Classified as
Dry Gas West Gas
• Defined as one with • Is one with more than
less than 0.1 gal/1000 0.3 gal/ 1000 ft3 of
ft3 of condensate condensate
• Chemically, dry gas is • Chemically, these gases
largely methane contain ethane, butane,
and propane.
GAS: Kind and Classification
For Hydrocarbons
GAS: Kind and Classification
For Hydrocarbons
• Methane is a colorless, flammable gas, which is produced (along
with other fluids) by the destructive distillation of coal, and is the
first member of the paraffin series.
Methane forms in three ways.
 derived from the mantle
 thermal maturation of buried organic matter
 bacterial degradation of organic matter

• Theother major hydrocarbons that occur in natural gas are

ethane, propane, butane, and pentane.
They are only produced by the thermal maturation of organic matter.
 GAS: Kind and Classification
For Inert Gases
• Helium found in natural gas is widely believed to have
emanated from deep-seated basement rocks, especially
granite.
Formed by thermal activity or fracturing by crustal arching. Example:
Panhandle Hugoton field in Texas.
Helium also occurs from the breakdown of uranium ore bodies within
sedimentary sequences, for example, at Castle gate in central Utah.

• Argon and radon are of little economic significance.

• Radonis a considerable environmental hazard, however,
because its inhalation is a cause of lung cancer.
GAS: Kind and Classification
For Nonhydrocarbons
• Nitrogen is a nonhydrocarbon gas that frequently occurs naturally in the earth’s crust.
Example, Nitrogen is found in North America in a belt stretching from New Mexico to Alberta
and Saskatchewan.
• Hydrogen, free hydrogen gas rarely occurs in the subsurface, because of its reactivity and
mobility, and is commonly dissolved in subsurface waters and in petroleum as traces.
Produced by thermal maturation of organic matter.
• Carbon Dioxide is often found as a minor accessory in hydrocarbon natural gases, It is also
associated with nitrogen and helium, common in areas of extensive volcanic activity, such as
Sicily, Japan, New Zealand, and the Cordilleran chain of North America.
Both organic and inorganic processes
May also be generated where igneous intrusives metamorphose carbonate sediments.
• Hydrogen Sulfide occurs in the subsurface both as free gas and, because of its high solubility,
in solution with oil and brine, and is poisonous. Example: Emory, Texas
Generally occurs in hydrocarbon provinces where large amounts of evaporites are
present.
GAS: Kind and Classification
• Gas hydrates are compounds of frozen water that contain
gas molecules
They are stable at high pressures and low
temperatures, and occur in shallow arctic sediments and
in deep oceanic deposits.
Petroleum Law
• Petroleum Law PresidentialDecreeNo87:“TheOil
Presidential Decree No. 87: The Oil Exploration and
Development Act of 1972”
*Service Contract System
-Service Contract(SC)
-Geophysical Survey and Exploration Contract(GSEC) Contract
(GSEC)
-Non-Exclusive Geophysical Permit (NEGP) (NEGP)

*Philippine Energy Contracting Round

Associated products
OF PETROLEUM
Associated Products
• Natural Gas
• Natural Asphalt and Bitumens
• Oil Shale
Natural Gas
•A mixture of hydrocarbons and varying quantities of
nonhydrocarbons
•A universal associate of Petroleum
• Methane
- Derived from the mantle
- Thermal maturation of buried organic ma’er
- Bacterial degradation of organic ma'er at normal temp and
pressures
Usage:
• Domestic and Commercial Fuel
 Drilling and Refining
• Carbon Black
Natural Asphalt and Bitumens

• Asphaltic-base oils at seepages yield natural bitumens

• Asphalt, Maltha, Rock Asphalts, Pyro-bitumens
• Black viscous mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally
or as a residue from petroleum distillation
Usage:
• Road Materials
• Waterproof paints
• Natural Wax
 Fine candles
Oil Shale
• An organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock
• It
contains bituminous matter that yields petroleum by
destructive distillation
REFERENCE:
• Bateman, A.M., 1950, Economic Mineral Deposits, 2nd Edition, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York

• The Philippine Mining Act of 1995

• https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/

• http://www.semiraramining.com/faqs

• https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/crude-oil-production

• https://www.indexmundi.com/energy/?country=ph&product=oil&graph=reser
ves