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Tolerance
Minimum
clearance
l Clearance fit
– largest shaft diameter is smaller than smallest hole
diameter
– there is always clearance
l Interference
– smallest shaft diameter is larger than largest hole
diameter
– there is always interference
l Transition
– there could be either interference or clearance
l Loose running
– lots of play, where accuracy is not important
l Free running
– less play, good for moving parts
l Close running
– close fit for moving parts, high accuracy required
Largest
CAD/CAM shaft © Ir. ZAMBRI HARUN
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T)
l GD&T symbols specify additional tolerancing
information for 3D geometry
l Used in addition to standard +/- dimensioning
l Used properly, GD&T can allow looser tolerances
to minimize manufacturing cost
l Form controls
– compare feature to ideal geometry
l Orientation controls
– compare orientation of features to datums
l Location controls
– compare location to datums
l Straightness
– compares a line or axis to a perfectly straight line
l Circularity
– compares a circular cross section to a perfect circle
l Flatness
– compares a flat surface to a perfect plane
l Cylindricity
– compares a cylindrical feature to a perfect cylinder
– includes axis straightness, circularity and taper
l Parallelism
– a line or surface must be parallel to a datum
l Perpendicularity
– a line or surface must be perpendicular to a datum
l Angularity
– a line or surface must be at an angle to a datum
l Line profile and Surface profile
– line and surface profiles compare features to ideal
profiles
l Concentricity
– controls deviation of concentric axes of cylindrical
elements
l Runout
– measures “wobble” in surface of cylindrical feature as it
is rotated about an axis
l Position
– Locates features relative to datums
– allows larger “bonus” tolerances as features depart from
MMC
l M
2 X Ø 24
Ø 0.3 A B D
R 40
lØ 39 X 50
Ø 0.3
`
M A B C
D
75
62.5 45°
VIEWA 35
A
SECTIONC-C
15 125
15
25 B
A
90
l M
2 X Ø 24
Ø 0.3 B A D
65
25 DETAIL B 37.5 C
200
B
1:2.50 75