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MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION

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Agenda
1.Introduction.
2.Evolution.
3.Applications.
4.Advantages and Disadvantages
5.Microwave Radio – Modules
6.Equipment Protection Schemes
7. Microwave radio Link Design- Parameters

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Introduction
• A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves(electromagnetic
wave ) in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the
earth.

• It is generally agreed that a microwave signal is a signal whose fundamental frequency range is
between 3 GHz and 30 GHz.

• In terms of wavelength, a microwave signal has a wavelength between 1 cm and 10 cm. A The
waveguide is a hollow mechanical structure that permits propagation of microwave signals from one
point to another with the least possible loss.

• Each type of waveguide allows microwave propagation within a particular frequency band.

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Evolution
• Microwave is a cost-efficient technology for flexible and rapid backhaul deployment to almost any
location. It is the dominant backhaul media for mobile networks in the world today, and is expected to
maintain this position during the evolution of mobile broadband.

• New RAN architectures such as HSPA-evolved, LTE and heterogeneous networks have led to an ever
increasing demand for backhaul capacity. In this article, key emerging gigabit per second (Gbps)
microwave technologies that help address this issue are explored.

• LTE-LTE Long-Term Evolution.(4G)

• HSPA-High-Speed Packet Access(3G)

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Point to Point Digital Microwave transmission system

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Schematic Diagram of MW TXN application

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Classification of Microwave Transmission

1.SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Microwave Transmission:

Deployed NEC Products- Pasolink+ STM1, Pasolink Neoi.

Deployed Ceragon Products -1500 R

2. PDH (Plesuchronous Digital Hierarchy) Microwave Transmission

Deployed NEC Products - Pasolink CPV, Pasolink V4.

Deployed Ceragon Products –IP10& IP10R

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Advantages: Disadvantages:

• Rapid Deployment • Atmospheric anomalies.


• Flexibility • Ground reflections.
• Easily crosses city terrain. • Fading
• Low start up capital costs • Excessive Rains
• Minimal recurring operational costs. • Interference.
• Low MTTR • Thunderstorms/High winds causing
antenna Misalignment.
• Equipment failure due to outdoor
exposure.

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Microwave Radio - Modules

Microwave Radio Terminal has 3 Basic Modules

• IDU : To interface with customer equipment and to convert customer traffic to a modulated
signal.
• It accesses services, and performs multiplexing / de multiplexing
IF processing of the services.
• The indoor units (IDU) translate standard transmission protocols into a signal
the ODU understands, and vice versa
• Furthermore, the IDU provides power to the ODU

RF Unit(ODU) : The outdoor units (ODU, or radio unit) create the actual RF signal
before sending it towards the antenna.

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• Passive Parabolic Antenna : For Transmitting and Receiving RF Signal.

• Coaxial cable -IF Cables are used to Carry signals between ODU and IDU.

• IF Jumper-The IF jumper is used to connect the ODU and IF cable. The IF


jumper is used together with the IF cable to transmit the IF signal between
the ODU and the IDU, O&M signal, and -48 V power.
• The IF jumper is a 2m RG223 cable. The IF jumper uses an N type connector at
one end to connect to the IF cable, and a TNC connector at the other end
to connect to the IF board.

• Two Microwave radio Terminals Forms a microwave Hop

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NEC PASOLINK NEO IDU:

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NEC Pasolink NEO ODU Appearance

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Front View of NEC MW Antenna:

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Capacity Configuration

Commonly Used Capacity Configurations

• 4 x 2 Mbps or 4 x E1

• 8 x 2 Mbps or 8 x E1

• 16 x 2 Mbps or 16 x E1

• 155 Mbps or STM1

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Frequency Bands for Telecom Operators

• Frequency Band 7, 15, 18 and 23 GHz are allowed to Private Operators for deployment
in Transport Network
• 15,18 and 23 GHz bands are used for Access Network.
• 15 & 18 GHz bands are used for Tata DoCoMo Access Network.
• 7 GHz band is used for Backbone Network
• Different Channeling Plans are available in these bands to accommodate different
bandwidth requirements
• Bandwidth requirement is decided by Radio Capacity offered by the Manufacturer

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Equipment Protection Schemes

Equipment protection schemes are as follows:


• 1+1 Hot Stand By (HSB) protection
• Microwave 1+1 Space Diversity (SD) protection
• Microwave 1+1 Frequency Diversity (FD) protection

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1+1 HSB Protection
The microwave HSB protection is also called the hot standby protection

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1+1 SD Protection(Space Diversity Protection)

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1+1 FD Protection(Frequency Diversity Protection)

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Microwave radio Link Design- Parameters

Free Space Loss:

Free space loss (FSL), measured in dB, and specifies how much the signal has weakened over a given HOP distance.

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Fresnel Zone
• Radio waves travel in a straight line, unless something refracts or reflects them. But the energy of radio waves is
not ―pencil thin.‖ They spread out the farther they get from the radiating source — like ripples from a rock
thrown into a pond. The area that the signal spreads out into is called the Fresnel zone.

• If there is an obstacle in the Fresnel zone, part of the radio signal will be diffracted or bent away from the
straight-line path. The practical effect is that on a point-to-point radio link, this refraction will reduce the amount
of RF energy reaching the receive antenna.

• The thickness or radius of the Fresnel zone depends on the frequency of the signal — the higher the frequency,
the smaller the Fresnel zone

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Fresnel Zone

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Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

• Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is the actual RF power as measured in the main lobe (or focal
point) of an antenna.
• It is equal to the sum of the transmit power into the antenna (in dBm) added to the dBi gain of the
antenna.

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Signal-to-Noise Ratio

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System Operating Margin :

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Link Budget

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Link Budget
The link budget is a calculation involving the gain and loss factors associated with the antennas, transmitters,
transmission lines and propagation environment, to determine the maximum distance at which a transmitter
and receiver can successfully Operate.

RXB must be > Receiver Sensitivity always.

Lowest Possible Signal which can be detected by


Receiver is called Receiver Sensitivity or Threshold

•Threshold Value is Manufacturer Specific


•Depends on Radio Design

•Higher (-ve) Value Indicates better Radio Design

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