Embedded System Design

Shoukath Cherukat
Scientist/Engineer ‘D’
Embedded Systems Group
NIELIT (National Institute of Electronics & IT)
CALICUT
 Embedded Systems
 A combination of hardware and software which together
form a component of a larger system.

 An embedded system is designed to run on its own

without human intervention, and may be required to
respond to events in real time.

 Embedded systems are used in industrial machines,

automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household
appliances, airplanes, vending machines, cellular phone,
PDA’s, toys and many other devices.

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Topics of Discussion

 Embedded Applications

 Embedded Classifications

 Embedded Hardware

 Embedded Software

 Latest Trends in Embedded

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 Embedded Applications
 Signal processing systems
Real-time video, set-top boxes, DVD players and
medical equipments
 Distributed control
Network routers, switches, firewalls and
elevators
 “Small” systems
Mobile phones, pagers, home appliances, toys,
smart cards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras,
sensors, smart badges

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 Embedded Applications

 Modern cars: Up to 100 or more processors

Engine control unit
Emissions control
Diagnostics
Automatic transmission
Accessories (doors, windows etc)

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Typical embedded systems

 Hardware
 Embedded operating system
 Application
 User interface – push button,
numeric display, LCD etc

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Embedded Classification

 Low-end – cost effective

Smart toys, consumer electronics

 High end – target performance

Digital signal processing, Communication
networks, Mobile multimedia

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Advantages of Embedded

 Programmability
 Flexibility
 Product Miniaturization
 Faster turn around time
 Cost reduction

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Embedded System Design Concerns

 Real-time/reactive operation
 Hard or soft deadline
 Small size, low weight
 Hand held instruments, Bio-medical implants
 Low power, limited cooling
 Safe and reliable
 Moderate to extreme cost sensitivity

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 Embedded Hardware

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Embedded Processors
 Microcontrollers
 8 Bit, 16 Bit, 32 Bit
 Digital Signal Processors
 Fixed Point, Floating Point
 Reconfigurable/Alternative
 FPGA
 SOC

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 MICROCONTROLLER

 I/O Oriented Single Chip Microcomputer

 I/O Capability
 Interrupt Handling
 Instruction Set

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MICROCONTROLLERS

 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER
 INTEL - 8051, MICROCHIP – PIC,
MOTOROLLA – 68HC11
 16-BIT MICROCONTROLLER
 INTEL - 80C196
 32-BIT MICROCONTROLLER
 INTEL - 80C960
 ARM MICROCONTROLLERS

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ARM
 Acronym for Advanced RISC Machines
 Founded in November 1990
 Designs the ARM range of RISC processor
cores
 Licenses ARM core design to semiconductor
partners
 ARM does not fabricate silicon itself
 Develops technologies to assist with the
design-ing of the ARM architecture
 Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application
software, bus architectures, peripherals, etc

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Features of ARM Architecture
 Typical RISC Features
 Large uniform register file
 Load/Store Architecture
 Simple Addressing Modes
 Uniform and fixed-length instruction fields
 Additional Features
 Control over ALU and shifter
 Auto-increment and auto-decrement addressing
modes
 Load and Store multiple instructions
 Conditional execution of all instructions
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 Evolution of ARM Architecture
version

Future

ARM1136JF-S™

ARMv6

ARM102xE XScaleTM ARM1026EJ-S™

ARMv5

ARM9x6E ARM926EJ-S™
® SC200™
ARM7TDMI-S™ StrongARM ARM92xT

SC100™ ARM720T™

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

time
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ARM MICROCONTROLLERS
 AT91RM9200 -ATMEL
 ARM920T CPU with 2 x 16KB cache, MMU
 16k Bytes SRAM, 128kBytes Boot ROM
 180MHz, 200MIPs
 EBI supports SDRAM, Burst Flash, Compact FlashUSB
Host and USB Device V2.0 Full speed
 Ethernet MAC - 10/100
 SPI, MCI (SDCard and MMC Compliant),
 4 USARTs, supporting IrDA, RS485
 2 OSCs, 2 PLLs and RTC
 1.65 to 3.6 Volt IO options ,1.65 to 1.95 V Core
Supply
 JTAG and Boundary Scan
 PQFP208, BGA256(ETM9)

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AT91RM9200 Application Diagram
ROM/FLASH
LCD Display
MII/RMII 10/100 Base-T
SRAM
Keypad

SDRAM LCD
Controller USB Device Port

Compact Flash
GPIO ETHERNET USB
MAC Device MCI
EBI

Smart Card
Power
Management AT91RM9200
Keyboard USB Host Port USART IrDA
USB Host
TWI SPI SSC
RS232/RS485
Mouse
Serial DataFlash Audio DAC
Printer EEPROM
Modem
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ARM Powered Products
 Sony PSP (Play Station Portable)
 Apple ipod Nano
 Nintendo Game Boy Micro
 Motorola E680i Mobile Phone

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ARM Powered Products

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 Digital Signal Processors

 High-performance CMOS 32-bit fixed/

floating-point devices
 Integrates system control and math-
intensive functions
 fast, easy data movement
 high-speed numeric processing
performance
 extensive internal bussing
 powerful DSP instruction set

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DSP Peripherals

 32-bit timers
 Serial ports
 DMA and EDMA controllers
 Controlled through memory-mapped
registers
 Host Port Interface
 External Memory Interface

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 FPGAs
 Field Programmable Gate Arrays
 Programmed using HDLs
 Popular HDLs are VHDL and Verilog
 VHDL is
 VHSIC (Very High Speed Integrated
Circuit) Hardware Description Language
 Configurable Logic Blocks are the
basic building blocks

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 Embedded Software

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Embedded Software

 C, C++
 JAVA
 RTOS

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Real-time Kernel Requirements

 Multitasking
 Preemptive scheduling
 Fast, flexible intertask communications
and synchronizations
 Easy communications between task and
interrupt levels
 Bounded performance

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 Popular RTOS’s

 VxWORKS
 PSOS
 QNX
 CMX
 RT-Linux
 WinCE

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Latest Trends in Embedded

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 Multi-core in embedded

 Need of high performance embedded systems takes

the developers to multi-core embedded processors in
system design

 Semiconductor manufacturers have started building

processors that run at some what lower frequencies
and voltages, but two or more processor cores on a
single chip

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Computing Past, Present and Future
 1960s – Mainframe
 1970s – Mini
 1980s – PC
 1990s – Network
 2000s – Wireless, Mobile, Embedded
 2010s –?
 Portable electronics
 Cyborg
 3D printing Technology
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Portable electronics
 Blackberry
 Digital camera
 GPS device
 digital music player- the iPod

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 Cyborg –Small and low power application

 Cyborg is an organism that has both artificial

and natural systems

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3D printing Technology

 3D printing (Additive manufacturing) is a process of making a

three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital
model.
 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where
successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes.

 3D printing is also considered distinct from traditional machining

techniques, which mostly rely on the removal of material by
methods such as cutting or drilling.

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3D printing Technology
 The pioneering technology is able to
capture and then 'print' 3D figurine
versions of people, and even animals, in
unbelievably realistic detail.
 After surrounding the subject in a dome
of 60 to 80 DSLR cameras, they are
then triggered to take a picture
simultaneously, creating a complete 360
degree image.

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3D printing

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Thank you for your attention !

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