UNIX Shell-Scripting Basics

Agenda
 What is a shell? A shell script?
 Introduction to bash
 Running Commands
 Applied Shell Programming
What is a shell?

%▌
What is a shell?

/bin/bash
What is a shell?

#!/bin/bash
What is a shell?

INPUT

shell

OUTPUT ERROR
What is a shell?
 Any Program
 But there are a few popular shells…
Bourne Shells

 /bin/sh
 /bin/bash
“Bourne-Again Shell”

Steve Bourne
Other Common Shells
 C Shell (/bin/csh)
 Turbo C Shell (/bin/tcsh)
 Korn Shell (/bin/ksh)
An aside: What do I mean by /bin ?
 C Shell (/bin/csh)
 Turbo C Shell (/bin/tcsh)
 Korn Shell (/bin/ksh)
An aside: What do I mean by /bin ?
 /bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin
 /sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/sbin
 /tmp
 /dev
 /home/borwicjh
What is a Shell Script?
 A Text File
 With Instructions
 Executable
What is a Shell Script?

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo ‘Hello, world’
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? A Text File

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo ‘Hello, world’
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
An aside: Redirection
 cat > /tmp/myfile
 cat >> /tmp/myfile
 cat 2> /tmp/myerr INPUT 0

 cat < /tmp/myinput env

 cat <<INPUT
OUTPUT 1 ERROR 2
Some input
INPUT
 cat > /tmp/x 2>&1
What is a Shell Script? How To Run

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo ‘Hello, world’
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? What To Do

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo ‘Hello, world’
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? Executable

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo ‘Hello, world’
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? Running it

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo ‘Hello, world’
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
Finding the program: PATH
 % ./hello.sh
 echo vs. /usr/bin/echo
 % echo $PATH
/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:
/home/borwicjh/bin
 % which echo
/usr/bin/echo
Variables and the Environment

% hello.sh
bash: hello.sh: Command not
found
% PATH=“$PATH:.”
% hello.sh
Hello, world
An aside: Quoting
% echo ‘$USER’
$USER
% echo “$USER”
borwicjh
% echo “\””
”
% echo “deacnet\\sct”
deacnet\sct
% echo ‘\”’
\”
Variables and the Environment
% env
[…variables passed to sub-programs…]
% NEW_VAR=“Yes”
% echo $NEW_VAR
Yes
% env
[…PATH but not NEW_VAR…]
% export NEW_VAR
% env
[…PATH and NEW_VAR…]
Welcome to Shell Scripting!
How to Learn
 man
 man bash
 man cat
 man man
 man –k
 man –k manual
 Learning the Bash Shell, 2nd Ed.
 “Bash Reference” Cards
 http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/
Introduction to bash
Continuing Lines: \
% echo This \
Is \
A \
Very \
Long \
Command Line
This Is A Very Long Command Line
%
Exit Status
 $?
 0 is True

% ls /does/not/exist
% echo $?
1
% echo $?
0
Exit Status: exit

% cat > test.sh <<_TEST_

exit 3
_TEST_
% chmod +x test.sh
% ./test.sh
% echo $?
3
Logic: test

% test 1 -lt 10
% echo $?
0
% test 1 == 10
% echo $?
1
Logic: test
test
[ ]
[ 1 –lt 10 ]
 [[ ]]
 [[ “this string” =~ “this” ]]
 (( ))
 (( 1 < 10 ))
Logic: test
 [ -f /etc/passwd ]
 [ ! –f /etc/passwd ]
 [ -f /etc/passwd –a –f /etc/shadow ]
 [ -f /etc/passwd –o –f /etc/shadow ]
An aside: $(( )) for Math

% echo $(( 1 + 2 ))
3
% echo $(( 2 * 3 ))
6
% echo $(( 1 / 3 ))
0
Logic: if
if something
then
:
# “elif” a contraction of “else if”:
elif something-else
then
:
else
then
:
fi
Logic: if
if [ $USER –eq “borwicjh” ]
then
:
# “elif” a contraction of “else if”:
elif ls /etc/oratab
then
:
else
then
:
fi
Logic: if

# see if a file exists

if [ -e /etc/passwd ]
then
echo “/etc/passwd exists”
else
echo “/etc/passwd not found!”
fi
Logic: for

for i in 1 2 3
do
echo $i
done
Logic: for

for i in /*
do
echo “Listing $i:”
ls -l $i
read
done
Logic: for

for i in /*
do
echo “Listing $i:”
ls -l $i
read
done
Logic: for

for i in /*
do
echo “Listing $i:”
ls -l $i
read
done
Logic: C-style for

for (( expr1 ;
expr2 ;
expr3 ))
do
list
done
Logic: C-style for

LIMIT=10
for (( a=1 ;
a<=LIMIT ;
a++ ))
do
echo –n “$a ”
done
Logic: while

while something
do
:

done
Logic: while

a=0; LIMIT=10
while [ "$a" -lt "$LIMIT" ]
do
echo -n "$a ”
a=$(( a + 1 ))
done
Counters

COUNTER=0
while [ -e “$FILE.COUNTER” ]
do
COUNTER=$(( COUNTER + 1))
done

 Note: race condition

Reusing Code: “Sourcing”
% cat > /path/to/my/passwords <<_PW_
FTP_USER=“sct”
_PW_
% echo $FTP_USER

% . /path/to/my/passwords
% echo $FTP_USER
sct
%
Variable Manipulation
% FILEPATH=/path/to/my/output.lis
% echo $FILEPATH
/path/to/my/output.lis
% echo ${FILEPATH%.lis}
/path/to/my/output
% echo ${FILEPATH#*/}
path/to/my/output.lis
% echo ${FILEPATH##*/}
output.lis
It takes a long time to
become a bash
guru…
Running Programs
Reasons for Running Programs
 Check Return Code
 $?

 Get Job Output

 OUTPUT=`echo “Hello”`
 OUTPUT=$(echo “Hello”)

 Send Output Somewhere

 Redirection: <, >
 Pipes
Pipes
INPUT 0
 Lots of Little Tools
echo

OUTPUT 1 ERROR 2
echo “Hello” | \
A Pipe!
wc -c
INPUT 0

wc

OUTPUT 1 ERROR 2
Email Notification

% echo “Message” | \
mail –s “Here’s your message” \
borwicjh@wfu.edu
Dates

% DATESTRING=`date +%Y%m%d`
% echo $DATESTRING
20060125
% man date
FTP the Hard Way

ftp –n –u server.wfu.edu <<_FTP_

user username password
put FILE
_FTP_
FTP with wget
 wget \
ftp://user:pass@server.wfu.edu/file
 wget –r \
ftp://user:pass@server.wfu.edu/dir/
FTP with curl

curl –T upload-file \
-u username:password \
ftp://server.wfu.edu/dir/file
Searching: grep

% grep rayra /etc/passwd

% grep –r rayra /etc
% grep –r RAYRA /etc
% grep –ri RAYRA /etc
% grep –rli rayra /etc
Searching: find

% find /home/borwicjh \
-name ‘*.lis’
[all files matching *.lis]
% find /home/borwicjh \
-mtime -1 –name ‘*.lis’
[*.lis, if modified within 24h]
% man find
Searching: locate

% locate .lis
[files with .lis in path]
% locate log
[also finds “/var/log/messages”]
Applied Shell Programming
Make Your Life Easier
 TAB completion
 Control+R
 history
 cd -
 Study a UNIX Editor
pushd/popd
% cd /tmp
% pushd /var/log
/var/log /tmp
% cd ..
% pwd
/var
% popd
/tmp
Monitoring processes
 ps
 ps –ef
 ps –u oracle
 ps –C sshd
 man ps
“DOS” Mode Files
 #!/usr/bin/bash^M
 FTP transfer in ASCII, or
 dos2unix infile > outfile
sqlplus
JOB=“ZZZTEST”
PARAMS=“ZZZTEST_PARAMS”
PARAMS_USER=“BORWICJH”
sqlplus $BANNER_USER/$BANNER_PW << _EOF_
set serveroutput on
set sqlprompt ""

EXECUTE WF_SATURN.FZ_Get_Parameters('$JOB',
'$PARAMS', '$PARAMS_USER');
_EOF_
sqlplus
sqlplus $USER/$PASS @$FILE_SQL \
$ARG1 $ARG2 $ARG3
if [ $? –ne 0 ]
then
exit 1
fi
if [ -e /file/sql/should/create ]
then
[…use SQL-created file…]
fi

 Ask Amy Lamy! 

Passing Arguments

% cat > test.sh <<_TEST_

echo “Your name is \$1 \$2”
_TEST_
% chmod +x test.sh
% ./test.sh John Borwick ignore-
this
Your name is John Borwick
INB Job Submission Template
$1: user ID
$2: password
$3: one-up number
$4: process name
$5: printer name

% /path/to/your/script $UI $PW \

$ONE_UP $JOB $PRNT
Scheduling Jobs

% crontab -l
0 0 * * * daily-midnight-job.sh
0 * * * * hourly-job.sh
* * * * * every-minute.sh
0 1 * * 0 1AM-on-sunday.sh
% EDITOR=vi crontab –e
% man 5 crontab
Other Questions?
 Shells and Shell Scripts
 bash
 Running Commands
 bash and Banner in Practice