2.

TEORI TEKTONIK
LEMPENG
Oleh :
Amien Widodo
HP : 08121780246 Email : amien@ce.its.ac.id
Teori Tektonik Lempeng
 Alfred Wegener  “Continental Drift” 1915
Dengan bukti: batuan, fosil, iklim-purba, bentuk geografis benua

 Teori ditolak  Persoalan tdk dpt menjelaskan apa

mekanisme yg menggerakkan kulit bumi
 Data geologi dan ide baru
topografi dasar laut, pemekaran lantai samudra, arus konveksi,
umur batuan dasar laut,
strip magnetik batuan dasar laut

 teori diterima pd 1960an sbg “Teori Tektonik Lempeng”

Continental Drift
Kulit bumi seolah seperti
lempengan yang mengapung
dan selalu bergerak di atas
mantel
 THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS
Continental Drift Hypothesis (Alfred Wagner)
– Originally proposed in early 20th century to
explain the “fit of continents”, common rock types
and fossils across ocean basins, etc.
– Insufficient evidence found for driving
mechanism; hypothesis initially rejected
Plate Tectonics Theory
– Originally proposed in the late 1960s
– Included new understanding of the seafloor and
Alfred Wegener
explanation of driving force
First proposed his
– Describes lithosphere as being broken into plates
continental drift hypothesis
that are in motion in 1915
– Explains origin and locations of such things as Published The Origin of
volcanoes, fault zones and mountain belts Continents and Oceans
 Continental drift hypothesis
Supercontinent called Pangaea began breaking apart about 200 million
years ago
Continental drift hypothesis
 CONTINENTAL DRIFT: EVIDENCES
1. Geometric fit of the
2. Distribution of fossils
continents
E.g., Glossopteris flora (seed fern) &
Mesosaurus (freshwater reptile)
3. Similarity of rock type
& sequence
4. Continuity of mountain ranges:
5. Structural similarities
6. Paleoclimatic evidence:
glacial (till, striations)
 TEORI TEKTONIK LEMPENG
Hess & Dietz (1960an) mengajukan:
Sea floor spreading
Pematang tengah samudra (mid oceanic ridge)
berada di atas upwelling dari mantel yg
menyebabkan dasar laut mekar.
Magma keluar mengganti dasar laut yg bergerak
saling menjauh, dan menjadi lempeng laut baru.
Palung laut merupakan tempat-tempat lempeng
samudra yg saling bertumbukan
MORFOLOGI PERMUKAAN BUMI
 Magma di dalam bumi
berputar seperti air yang
mendidih. Bergeraknya
magma akan diikuti
bergeraknya litosfer yaitu
saling menjauh,
saling bertumbukan
BATAS ANTAR LEMPENG TEKTONIK
 Oceanic Divergent Boundaries
Oceanic plates
Forms new
move apart at
oceanic crust
mid-ocean ridges
(seafloor spreading)

Mid-Atlantic
Ridge

03.04.a1-2
 Features and Processes of Mid-
Ocean
Narrow trough, or rift
Ridges
Ridge high (hot rocks and thin
lithosphere)
Magma erupts
or solidifies at
depth; forms
new oceanic
crust

Magma rises
Asthenosphere
through fractures
rises and melts

03.04.a

Sketch a mid-ocean ridge, labeling the processes in your

own words
Observe what happens when continents rift apart

Initial uplift from rising mantle

Stretching and faulting form rift

Melting forms magma

Can lead to seafloor spreading

and new ocean basin

Ocean widens with spreading

03.04.b1-4
RIFTING
SPREADING
Test of Plate Tectonics Is Age of Seafloor
and Thickness of Sediment

03.08.a1
Seafloor youngest Sediment thickens
near ridge away from ridge
 Features and Processes in Ocean-
Ocean Convergence
Trench Eruptions form volcanic
island arc
Accretionary
prism

03.05.a1

Water causes
Slab releases water melting of mantle

Sketch ocean-ocean convergence, labeling the processes

in your own words
 Ocean-Continent Convergent
Boundary
Oceanic and continental Volcanoes and squeezing
plate converge form mountain belt

Trench

03.05.b1

Oceanic plate subducted Overlying mantle

beneath continent melted

Sketch ocean-continent convergence, labeling the

processes in your own words
 Pacific Ring of Fire
Oceanic plates subducted on
both sides

03.05.c2
Subduction beneath Subduction beneath continental
oceanic plates = plates = mountain belts with
island arcs volcanoes

Explain the Pacific Ring of Fire, including why the

west and east sides are different
 Continental collision = wide zone of deformation

Pieces sliced off Thick crust = high elevation

Few volcanoes

Continental plate
buoyant, so
subduction ends 03.05.d3

Sketch a continental collision, labeling the processes in

your own words
 Transform Boundary
Observe how these two plates are moving past each other

Plates move
horizontally past one
another

Transform
boundaries link other
types of plate
boundaries, like two
spreading centers

03.07.d1
Observe the pattern of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Spreading
segments

Transforms

03.06.a2

Sketch a transform boundary, labeling the

processes in your own words
Observe plate boundaries near the west coast of North
America (green lines are transform boundaries)

03.06.b1
 What Moves the Plates?
Ridge push

03.07.a1

Slab pull Other forces, such as

convection in mantle
Samudera Hindia

Gunungapi

PERTEMUAN
LEMPENG 200-300KM

LEMPENG
BENUA EURASIA

LEMPENG
INDO AUSTRALIA

Pusat gempa
Lapisan kerak bumi atau lempeng saling bergerak
satu sama lain
Bergeraknya lempeng akan mengaktifkan gunung api dan gempa.
Karena bidang tumbukan antar lempeng lebar dan panjang maka
menimbulkan lingkaran api (ring of fire)
Kecepatan gerakan lempeng
SIKLUS WILSON
 SE Asian and SW Pacific
Plate Tectonics 55-0 Million annum
SOUTHEAST
ASIA
RESEARCH
GROUP

© Robert Hall 2001

http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/welcome.html
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KERANGKA TEKTONIK
INDONESIA
Arah gerakan tektonik di Indonesia
 Aktivitas Gempa Bumi Di Indonesia
Lempeng Pasifik
12 cm/tahun

Lempeng Eurasia

Kalimantan

Papua
Sumatra Sulawesi

Jawa

5-7cm/tahun
Lempeng Indo-Australia

Kedalaman : < 50 Km 200-300 Km

50–100 Km >300 Km
100-200 Km
 Oleh
Amien Widodo
Pusat Studi Bencana ITS Surabaya
Distribusi gunungapi di Indonesia
 Oleh
Amien Widodo
Pusat Studi Bencana ITS Surabaya
DEFORMASI BATUAN Schematic diagrams of various
gas, oil & water contacts