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1
Presented by Dilara Toplu
2 Outline
What is a sample?
A sample is a subset of the population.
One of the most important steps in the research process is the
selection of the sample of individuals who will participate (be
observed or questioned).
Sampling refers to process of selecting these individuals.
What is a population?
Why researchers often select a sample to study?
4 1.Introduction & Definitions
2. Stratified Random
Sampling
Stratified random sampling is
illustrated in figure. In this example
the population is divided first into
three different age groups, then by
gender. Once the groups are
stratified by gender, random
samples are selected from each of
six subgroups.
18 A. Random Sampling Methods
Advantages:
It can be used when it is difficult or
impossible to select a random sample of
individuals.
It is often far easier to implement in
schools.
It is frequently less time-consuming.
Disadvantages:
Might not represent the entire population
Conclusions often drawn after studying
only one cluster.
21 A. Random Sampling Methods
1. Systematic Sampling
This technique is obtained by selecting every nth name in
a population.
The orijinal pattern can be selected randomly.
It basically becomes simple random sampling if the
population list is also randomly ordered.
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B. Nonrandom Sampling
Methods
1. Systematic Sampling
For example, in a population list of
5000 names, to select a sample of
500, a researcher would select every
tenth name on the list until reaching
a total of 500 names.
This example shows a neighborhood
that will be systematically sampled.
First we choose a starting point. Then
we systematically choose every third
house to survey.
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Advantages: Disadvantage:
B.
Nonrandom Might become
Sampling This is a simpler and
quicker method to
biased and under
representative if the
Methods select a sample. population list is
ordered in a pattern.
1.
Systematic
Sampling
B. Nonrandom Sampling
26 Methods
2. Convenience Sampling
2. Convenience Sampling
Advantage:
It is convenience.
Disadvantage:
The sample will quite likely be
biased.
These samples cannot be
considered representative of any
population.
It needs to be repeated in order to
have results be meaningful
(replication).
28 B. Nonrandom Sampling
Methods
3. Purposive Sampling
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Sampling methods in research