Basic Planning Concepts,

Principles and Tools

Arc 4202 - Group 2

Arellano, Kristine Joyce B.
Asugui, Angelica Mae G.
Azares, Abigail E.
Bacani, Ian John D.
Balita, Kimberly Cammile
Belela, Kimberly Clarie B.
Planning Concepts
Garden City
Geddisain Triad
Neighbourhood Planning
Radburn Theory
Satellite Town
Ribbon Development
Ekistics
City Beautiful
Broad Acre City
 Garden City
 Most potent planning model in Western urban planning
 Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and
rural problems
 Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century

1850 - 1928 Sir Ebenezer Howard

1899 Published ‘Garden City of Tomorrow’

1903 Garden City Association was formed LETCHWORTH

was designed for 35000 persons
1920 WELWYN was designed for 40000 persons
1947 LETCHWORTH had 16000 population & 100 factories
WELWYN had 18000 population & 75 factories
UK – Europe – US – rest of the world
Garden City

Core garden city

principles
Strong community
Ordered development
Environmental quality
 Garden City
These were to be achieved by:
Unified ownership of land to prevent individual
land
speculation and maximise community benefit
Careful planning to provide generous living and
working space while maintaining natural qualities
Social mix and good community facilities
Limits to growth of each garden city
Local participation in decisions about
development
 Garden City
Affordability
Howard wanted
garden city for all
incomes
Most originally for those
of modest incomes
 Their attractiveness as living environments
has often made them become more popular
with better off people
 Garden City

LETCHWORTH , UK
 Garden City

WELWYN ,UK
 Geddisian Triad
Patrick Geddes
Father of modern town
planning
First to link sociological
concepts into town
planning
“Survey before plan”
i.e. diagnosis before
treatment
 Geddisian Triad
1854 - 1932 Patrick Geddes

1886 Settled in EDINBERGH

1892 Outlook tower - World’s first Sociological observatory

1911 Exhibition on Cities and Town planning

1915 Published Cities in Evolution Visited INDIA

1920 - 1923 Professor of Civics and Sociology in

University of Bombay

1924 Settled in Montpellier, France

 Geddisian Triad

Organic relationship between Social ,Physical and

Economical environment
 Geddisian Triad
• Rural development, Urban Planning and
City Design are not the same and
adopting a common planning process is
disastrous.
• Conurbation -waves of population inflow
to large cities, followed by overcrowding
and slum formation, and then the wave of
backflow – the whole process resulting in
amorphous sprawl, waste, and
unnecessary obsolescence.
 Geddisian Triad

LONDON, UK DELHI – NCR, INDIA

 Geddisian Triad
• The sequence of planning is to be:
Regional survey
Rural development
Town planning
City design
• These are to be kept constantly up to-date
• He gave his expert advice for the
improvement of about 18 major towns in
India.
 Geddisian Triad

Outlook Tower
•took over ‘Short’s Observatory’ in 1892
•spectacular views the surrounding city region
•positioned at the top is the Camera
Obscura, which refracts an image onto a
white table within, for study and survey
•a tool for regional analysis, index- museum
and the ‘world’s first sociological laboratory’
 Geddisian Triad

it represents the
essence of Geddes’s
thought - his holism,
visual thinking, and
commitment to
understanding the
city in the region.
 Neighbourhood Planning
• The neighbourhood is the planning unit
for a town. advent of industrial
evolved due to the revolution and
degradation of the city environment
caused due to
high congestion
heavy traffic movement through the city
insecurity to school going children,
distant location of shopping and
recreation activities; etc.
 Neighbourhood Planning
• Advent of industrialevolved due to the
revolution and degradation of the city
environment caused due to
high congestion
heavy traffic movement through the
city
insecurity to school going children,
distant location of shopping and
recreation activities; etc.
 Neighbourhood Planning
• To create a safely healthy physical environment in which
 children will have no traffic streets to cross on their
way to school, schools which are within walking
distance from home
 an environment in which women may have an easy
walk to a shopping centre where they may get the
daily households goods,
 employed people may find convenient transportation
to and from work
 well equipped playground is located near the house
where children may play in safety with their friends for
healthy development of their mind and spirit.
 Neighbourhood Planning
• Principles of Neighbourhood Planning
Unit of Urban Planning
Street System
Facilities
Population
Sector
Size and Density
Neighbourhood Walkways
Protective Strips
 Neighbourhood Planning
Principles of Neighbourhood Unit
Unit of Urban Planning
Street System
Facilities
Population
 Sector
Size and Density
Neighbourhood Walkways
Protective Strips
 Radburn Theory
"We did our best to follow Aristotles recommendation
that a city should be built to give its inhabitants security
and happiness”
- Clarence Stein

"the most significant notion in 20th Century urban

development”
– Anthony Bailey

"Town for the Motor Age" is truly a "Town for Tomorrow"

 Radburn Theory

Factors that influenced

Rapid Industrialisation after World War I
Migration of Rural to Cities
Dramatic growth of Cities
Housing Shortage
The need to provide housing and protect
from motorised traffic
 Radburn Theory
Henry Wrights "Six Planks for a Housing Platform"
•Plan simply, but comprehensively.
•Cars must be parked and stored, deliveries made, waste
collected (Vehicular Movement) – plan for such services
with a minimum of danger, noise and confusion.
•Relationship between buildings.
•Provide ample sites in the right places for community use
•Put factories and other industrial buildings where they
can be used without wasteful transportation of goods or
people.
•Arrange for the occupancy of houses on a fair basis of cost
and service, including the cost of what needs to be done in
organizing, building and maintaining the community.
 Radburn Theory

 Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic

 Super block - large block surrounded by main roads
 Houses grouped around small Cul de lacs - each
road accessed from main road, Saddle Living,
Bedroom faced gardens river & parks, service areas
to access road
 Remaining land – Park area
 Walkways – designed such that pedestrians can
reach Township social places without crossing
automobile street
 Ekistics
• Ekistics study of human settlement, which examines
not only built forms, but also the interface of time,
movements and systems in the built environment.
• Doxiadis saw ekistics as anintellectual approach to
balance the convergence of the past, present, and
future in human settlements as well as a system for
creatively coping with the growth of population,
rapid change and the pressures of large-scale,
high-density housing.
• Ekistics Lograthamic Scale (ELS)
• ELS consists of 15 Ekistic Units ranging from Man to
Ecumenopolis
 Ekistics
 Man
 Room
 Dwelling
 Neighbourhood
 Town
 City
 Metropolis
 Conurbation
 Megapolis
 Urbsn Region
 Ecumenspolis
 Ekistics

• Classified under 4 major types;

 Minor shells, or elementary units (man, room, house)
 Micro-settlements, the units smaller CITY than, or as
small as, the traditional town where people used to
and still do achieve interconnection by walking
 Meso-settlements, between the traditional town
and the conurbation within which one can
commute daily URBAN REGION
 Macro-settlements, whose largest possible
expression is the Ecumenopolis
 Ekistics

Nature & Goals of Settlement

Five elements forms a System Goal - make
man happy and safe.
Satellite town or satellite city
A concept inurban planning that
refers essentially to miniature metropolitan areas on
the fringe of larger ones.
Characteristics
•Satellite cities are small or medium-sized cities near a
large metropolis,
•Predate that metropolis suburban expansion;
• Are at least partially independent from
metropolis economically and socially
• Are physically separated from the metropolis by
rural territory; satellite cities should have their own
independent urbanized area, or equivalent;
Satellite town or satellite city

• Have their own bedroom communities;

• Have a traditional downtown surrounded by that
traditional "inner city" neighbourhoods;
• May or may not be counted as part of the
large; metropolis Combined Statistical Area
 Ribbon development

•Ribbon development building houses along the

routes of communications radiating from a human
settlement.
•Such development generated great concern in the
UK during the 1920s and 30s, as well as in numerous
other countries.
•Following the Industrial revolution, ribbon
development became prevalent along railway lines -
predominantly in the UK, Russia, and United States.
•A good example of this was the deliberate
promotion of Metroland along Londons Metropolitan
railway.
 Ribbon development

• Similar evidence can be found from Long Island

(where Frederick W Dunton bought much real
estate to encourage New Yorkers to settle along
the Long Island Railroad lines), Boston and across
the American mid- west
• Ribbon development can also be compared
with a linear village which is a village that grew
along a transportation route, not as part of a citys
expansion.
Ribbon development
 Basic Planning Principles

Integrated Design
Landscape and Architectural
designs must be integrated with all project design
disciplines in order to optimize building
performance and aesthetics. Prior to initiating any
schematic design, the Architect must perform a
series of coordination meetings with all project
design disciplines/consultants to explore
performance and functional objectives that could
impact building orientation, massing, space
adjacencies, material selections, and assemblies.
 Basic Planning Principles
Performance Measures and Functional Objectives.
The shall also identify all functional
expectations and establish alternative features that
support attainment. To the maximum extent possible,
the shall apply those architectural elements that
optimize building performance and functional
capabilities

Environmental Sensitivity
The natural setting of the site, its contours and
vegetation shall be viewed as assets to be preserved
and woven into the design as much as possible.
 Basic Planning Principles
Urban Context
Facility design and orientation should be consistent
with existing and planned development patterns and
nearby uses. The building’s exterior should be
consistent with existing local design guidelines.
Basic Configurations and Core Placement
Planning for cores must consider the depth of the
occupiable space established by the core and
exterior walls. The optimum depth of the occupiable
space (the space between core and window wall) in
an office building is approximately 12,000 mm (40
feet) for providing access to daylight.
 Basic Planning Principles

Placement of Core Elements and Distances

In buildings with large floor plates, not all core
elements need to be placed at each core location.
How often each element needs to be repeated is
governed by occupant needs.
 Basic Planning Tools
Most
Commonly
Used Planning
Tools
Master plans
Strategic
plans
 Structural
plans
 Basic Planning Tools

Zoning
- is a means of controlling urban sprawl, population
density, traffic, and other urban problems.
Land zoning
- regulates the use of land in residential,
commercial, industrial, agricultural or other land-use
areas (DOWALL & GILES 1997).
Mixed zoning
- is especially important in clustered developments
where working sites and residential areas are planned
as one entity.
 Basic Planning Tools

Site and Service Schemes

- provide the target group with a plot of land and
basic infrastructure such as water, roads, and sanitary
facilities.

The upgrading of squatter settlements

provides an opportunity to build on partially
developed existing structures, without interfering with
well-established communities and social structures.
 Basic Planning Tools

Land sharing
- is based on an agreement between the
landowner (private or state) and the occupants of
that land to develop it according to their specific
interests.
- can be considered as a specific form of leasehold
which helps to strengthen land tenure and make it
more secure and to increase land values (DOWALL &
GILES 1997).
No land for urban agriculture?

open space for agriculture is limited and the faster

the urbanization, the more limited that space
becomes.

•despite the lack of open spaces for agriculture in

urban areas, there is huge, unused potential for this
activity in many cities of the world.
 The role of land markets in
alleviating poverty

 it is land tenure and security rather than the

availability of land that are the keys to alleviating
poverty.

 there are large regional differences in how much

space is available in cities, the prices of land and
land tenure regulations.
The use of GIS as a tool for
land use planning
 The use of GIS as a tool for
land use planning
Remote Sensing (RS)
 for mapping and monitoring intra-urban and peri-
urban green spaces facilitates the mapping process

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

 for monitoring the loss of agricultural land within
city boundaries or for measuring urban greening
indicators
 an ideal tool for visualising the current and
changing spatial distribution of urban agriculture in
cities.
 The use of GIS as a tool for
land use planning
Problems arising with the use of GIS in urban land-use
planning
 the integration of this tool into planning processes
requires policy decisions and an infrastructure that
allows different stakeholders in the planning
process access to the data
 used as a planning tool, but is often based in
universities and research institutes with which policy
makers and planning divisions have no access or
connection
 The use of GIS as a tool for
land use planning
 can be made a participatory tool for land-use
planning remains an open question
 has been used in a rather centralised way, in that
one institution takes the lead in the planning
process, with little or no participation from other
units
 does not automatically facilitate the dialogue with
the decision makers, but it needs to be used
innovatively
References
• AMERICAN FORESTS: CITYgreen
Software
• DEL ROSARIO, P. J. , Y. CORNELIO,
L.Y. POLANCO, A. RUSSELL, H. LÓPEZ
& P. ESCARRAMÁN (1999). Manejo de
Residuos Sólidos y Agricultura Urbana
en La Ciudad de Santiago de los
Caballeros. CEUR, Santiago.
• DONGUS, S. & A.W. DRESCHER
(2000). La aplicación de Sistemas de
Información Geográficos (GIS) y
Sistemas de Posición Global/Global
Positioning Systems (SPG/GPS) para
trazar un mapa de actividades agrícolas
urbanas y el espacio abierto en
ciudades. Presentation to the Workshop
“La Agricultura Urbana en las Ciudades
del Siglo XXI”, Quito, Ecuador, 16 - 21
April 2000.
• DONGUS, S. (2000). Vegetable
Production on Open Spaces in Dar es
Salaam – Spatial Changes from 1992 to
1999. Urban Vegetable Promotion
Project, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
• DOWALL, DAVID & CLARK GILES
(1997). Urban Land Policies for the
Uninitiated. Economic and Social
commission for Asia and the Pacific.
http://www.unescap.org/huset/land_polici
es/
• DOWALL, DAVID & CLARK GILES
(1996). A framework for reforming urban
land policies in developing countries.
Urban Management Programme
Discussion Paper no. 7, The World Bank,
Washington DC, 53 p.
References
• NEDOVIC, ZORICA (1999). Urban and
• FAZAL, SHAHAB (2000). Urban
regional planning - Scope and
expansion and loss of agricultural land: a
description of the application challenge.
GIS-based study of Saharanpur, India.
Urban and Regional Information Systems
In: Environment and Urbanization Vol. 12
Association.
No. 2 London and Buenos Aires p. 133-
150
• UN (1996). An assessment of urban
environmental problems and policies in
• FERNANDES, EDÉSIO & ANN VARLEY
selected ECA member states. Ninth
(EDS) (1998). Illegal cities: law and
Session of the Conference of African
urban change in developing countries.
Planners, Statisticians, and Population
Institute of Commonwealth Studies,
and Information Specialists Addis Ababa,
University of London, UK. Plymbridge
Ethiopia 11-16 March 1996. United
Distributors, Estover, Plymouth PL6 7PZ,
Nations Population Division
UK: 256 p.
• IDBAMERICA ONLINE (1998). Who
owns this lot?. In: Idbamerica • VAN DEN BERG, LEO (2000). Peri-
(September-October 1998) p.13. urban agriculture and urban planning.
Paper for the CGIAR SIUPA Action Plan
Development Workshop South East Asia
Pilot Site, Hanoi, 6-9 June 2000,
ALTERRA Wageningen.
Thank you!

Arc 4202 - Group 2

Arellano, Kristine Joyce B.

Asugui, Angelica Mae G.
Azares, Abigail E.
Bacani, Ian John D.
Balita, Kimberly Cammile
Belela, Kimberly Clarie B.