Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Using AMOS
Overview
Strong correlation (multicollinearity) may cause biased parameter estimates and inflated
standard errors
Indirect effects (mediating variables) cannot be included
The error or residual variable is the only unobserved variable
Items in SEM
• Indicators are observed variables, sometimes
called manifest variables or reference
variables, such as items in a survey
instrument.
• Latent Variables are the unobserved variables
or constructs or factors which are measured
by their respective indicators.
Items
• Exogenous variables are independents with no prior
causal variable (though they may be correlated with
other exogenous variables, depicted by a double-
headed arrow – note two latent variables can be
connected by a double-headed arrow (correlation) or a
single-headed arrow (causation) but not both.
η1 λy21
δ1 X3 λx32 γ12 y2 ε2
ϕ31
λx42 ξ2 β21
δ2 X4 γ22
λy32
ϕ32
y3 ε3
η2 λy42
δ1 λx53 γ23
X5 y4 ε4
λx63 ξ3
δ2 X6
Endogenous latent variable
Latent
(Exogenous) Exogenous latent variables