Self Introduction

Name: Sajjad Ali

Ed. Qualification: MS Structural Engg. (2017)

Office: 351F

Mob: 0301-8044492

Email: ali.sd863@gmail.com

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 Course Outline

 Pavement and its types.

 Wheel loads.

 Equivalent single wheel load.

 Repetition and impact factors.

 Load distribution characteristics.

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 Course Outline

 Highway and airport pavements.

 Design considerations.

 Method of design of pavements.

 Group index

 CBR and Wastergaurd methods

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 Course Outline

 Construction and maintenance of pavement.

 Pavement evaluation and rehabilitation.

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 Pavement
 A relatively hard layer constructed over natural or
compacted layer to fulfill the following purposes,
 To provide smooth riding surface to vehicular moment.

 To support the traffic load safely.

 To transmit the load and distribute it adequately to the

underlying layer.

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 Types of Pavement
On the basis of load distribution to the underlying layers, the
pavements can be classified as;

1. Rigid pavement

2. Flexible pavement

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 Rigid Pavement
 These pavements have high relatively high rigidity (high modulus of
elasticity).

 They distribute the loads due to its rigidity.

 In practice, the rigid pavement consists of concrete slab.

 The strength of rigid pavement depends on the strength of concrete

slab.

 The strength of subgrade have no effect on the strength of pavement.

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 Rigid Pavement
 It is relatively constructed over weak subgrade.

 Rigid pavements are relatively adopted for heavy traffic.

 It can be constructed with or without a base course.

 Base course on rigid pavements are provided for various reasons.

 Control of frost action

 Drainage

 Control of shrinkage and swelling

 To increase the rate of construction.

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 Flexible Pavement
 These pavements distribute the load due to layer action.

 Have number of layers.

 The top layer having the highest modulus of elasticity while decreases as we go
downward.

 The top layer receives directly the traffic thus stress intensity is higher compared to
other layers.

 The strain of subgrade highly effects the load carrying capacity of the pavement thus
high quality and well compacted subgrade is required.

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 Flexible Pavement
 In practice, the flexible pavements are made of asphalt.

 Constructed for low traffic load.

 Flexible pavements may also show rigidity when the thickness is

sufficient.

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Structural Components of Flexible Pavement
 Usually flexible pavements have the following layers

1. Surfacing

2. Base course

3. Sub base course

4. Subgrade course

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Structural Components of Flexible Pavement
1. Surfacing

 It is the top most layer.

 Receive the traffic load directly and transmit it to the base course.

 High stress are produced, therefore it should be constructed of high

quality materials.

 Generally it is made of asphaltic materials.

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Structural Components of Flexible Pavement
2. Base Course

 Made of granular materials and receive the load from surfacing.

 It is extended beyond the edge of surfacing to support wheel load

which comes directly on the edge of surfacing.

 It is normally extended for 1 ft, but in special cases, the extension can
be greater.

 Made of high quality processed materials.

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Structural Components of Flexible Pavement
3. Sub Base Course

 This layer receive the load from base course.

 Relatively stresses of smaller intensity are develop.

 Constructed of inferior quality materials.

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 Structural Components of Flexible Pavement
4. Sub Grade Course

 The foundation on which the entire pavement system is supported.

 All the wheel loads are finally received by sub grade.

 It may be natural or compacted fill.

 The performance of the pavement is greatly affected by sub grade.

 The important properties of sub grade are strain, drainage, ease of

compaction.

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 Structural Components Flexible Pavement
4. Sub Grade Course

 The strength of sub grade may be increased compaction or stabilization.

 Stability of sub grade also depends on the soil texture, water content,
density, frost action, shrinkage and swelling and other climatic factors.

 Great care should be taken to prepare sub-grade for pavement.

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 Wheel Loads
Types of airplane and truck wheel arrangements can be divided into the
following basic categories;

 Single and dual wheels

 Single and tandem axles

 Nose wheel, tricycle and bicycle landing gears

Note: The airplane and truck wheels may be arranged in several

combinations of these.

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 Assignment # 01
Single and dual wheels, Single and tandem axles, Nose wheel, tricycle and
bicycle landing gears (Discuss in detail)

Note: Attach images also.

Instruction:

Wordfile, Times New Roman, 12 pt, justified, line spacing 1pt.

Submission date: 02/02/2018.

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 Equivalent Single Wheel Load
 It is the single wheel load having the same contact pressure, produces
same value of maximum stress, deflection or tensile stress at the
desired depth.

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 ESWL Determination
(Equal vertical stress criteria)
 The ESWL for a given multiple wheel assembly is calculated on the
basis of vertical stress.

 At a given depth in a given pavement system, maximum vertical stress

is determined due to actual dual wheel assembly (δzd).

 The maximum stress due to single wheel load at same depth is

determined as δzs.

 If δzs= δzd, then the single wheel load will be taken as equivalent
single wheel load.
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 ESWL Determination
(Equal vertical stress criteria)
 In single wheel assembly, the maximum stress will occur at the center
of the wheel (r=0).

 In case of dual wheel assembly, the stress will be determined at point 1,

2 and 3. Point 3 is the mid between the two wheel while point 2 is the
mid between point 1 and point 3.

 The maximum stress will be taken as the stress due to dual wheel
assembly.

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 ESWL Determination
(Equal vertical stress criteria)
 Boussinesq Formula;

𝑃𝑠
δ𝑧 = 𝐾B 2
𝑍

Where P = Total wheel load

Z= depth

KB = Influence factor for vertical stress

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KB =
2π [1+(𝑟/𝑧)2 ]3/2
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Thank You!

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