TOPICS

1.) COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE

2.) PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODALS
1. COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF
ADJECTIVE

DEFINITION
• DEGRESS OF COMPARISON REFERS TO ADJECTIVES BEING
WRITTEN IN DIFFERENT FORMS TO COMPARE ONE, TWO OR
MORE NOUNS WHICH ARE WORDS DESCRIBING PERSONS,
PLACES AND THINGS.
TWO BASIC WAYS TO COMPARE TWO
THINGS ( CORRELATIVE CONJUCTION )
1. AS ... AS
THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE FORM OF AN ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB USED
TO USE A STANDARD FORM
2. THAN
THE OPPOSITE OF THE PREVIOUS, ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB USED HAS
CHANGED FORM
EXAMPLES OF USE AS...AS AND THEN
1. HE IS AS BRILLIANT AS HIS SISTER

2. HER MONEY IS NOT AS MUCH AS YOUR MONEY

3. MY BROTHER IS MORE PATIENT THAN I AM

4. I FIND RUNNING HARDER THAN SWIMMING

CHANGES FORM THE COMPARATIVE
DEGREE ( ADJECTIVE )

REGULAR FORM
ADJECTIVE CHANGES FORM WHEN IT IS USED AS A COMPARISON. IN REGULAR FORM,
CHANGE THE FORM OG THESE ADJECTIVES FOLLOW A CERTAIN PATTERN.

FORM OF EXPLANATION IN THE EXAMPLE SENTENCE IN REGULAR ADJECTIVE

COMPARATIVE DEGREE ARE ON THE NEXT SLIDE
ONE SYLLABLE
Rules and Examples Example of Sentences
Adjective consisting of one syllable added  I am easier to forget a problem than
suffix –er. Usually occurs double consonant she is
at the ends of words in a patterned letters  The student is quicker to learn English
Examples : than her friend
> Big-bigger > Hot-hotter
> Fat-fatter > Smart-smarter
> Hard-harder > Quick-quicker

But if the adjective derived from the past  The worker seemed more tired tha the
participle is more commonly used words other
“more” or “less” in front of the adjective
Examples :
 Bored-more bored
 Tired-more tired
 MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE
Rules and Examples
Adjective more than one syllable, added
“more” words in front of him
Examples :
 Beautiful-more beautiful
 Delicious-more delicious
 Dilligent-more dilligent
In two syllables ending in –y, letter –y is
reduced then added suffix -ier
Contoh :
 Cloudly-cloudier
 Easy-easier
 Pretty-prettier
Example of Sentences
 This park looks more beautiful than the
other park
 He’s more interested in gardening than I
am
 The topic is more interesting than the
last one
 Today is cloudier than yesterday
 This dress is prettier than that one

Some adjective can be formed by adding the  Your design is simpler than his design
suffix -er
Examples :
 Clever-cleverer
 Simple-simpler
IRREGULAR FORM
• SOME ADJECTIVE HAS IRREGULAR FORM. THE EXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE
DEGREE IN IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE

Possitive Comparative Superlative

Bad Worse Worst

Far Further Furthest

Good Better Best

Little Less Least

Many, much More Most

EXERCISE
1.) RUJAK ARE ... (SPICY) THAN SIOMAY
a. MORE SPICY
b. SPICIER
2.) CEMENT SILO IS A FEW METRES ... (TALL) THAN CLINKER SILO
a. MORE TALL
b. TALLER
3.) LIVING IN JAKARTA IS ... (EXPENSIVE) THAN BOGOR
a. EXPENSIVER
b. MORE EXPENSIVE
4.) DO YOU HAVE A ... (SHARP) BLADE THAN THIS?
a. MORE SHARP
b. SHARPER
5.) A NEGATIVE NUMBER IS ... (LITTLE) THAN ZERO
a. LESS
b. MORE LITTLE
6.) WHAT IS ... (IMPORTANT) THAN MONEY?
a. IMPORTANTER
b. MORE IMPORTANT
7.) MANY FOOD COMPANIES USE SOYNUTS BECAUSE THEY ARE ... (CRUNCHY) THAN
PEANUTS
a. CRUNCHIER
b. MORE CRUNCHY
8.) DO WOMEN NEED ... (MUCH) SUPPORT AFTER FAIL IN EXAMINATION?
a. MORE
b. MUCH
PASSIVE VOICE
WITH MODALS
REVIEW
PASSIVE VOICE IS SENTENCE IN WHICH THE SUBJECT DOESN’T DO THE ACTION
BUT RECEIVE AN ACTION
EXAMPLE :
• THE BOOKS ARE BOUGHT BY MY FATHER
• THE JUICE WAS NOT DRUNK BY ME
• HAS THE MILLING MACHINE BEEN OPERATED BY HER?
WHAT IS MODALS??

• A MODAL IS A TYPE OF AUXILIARY (HELPING) VERB THAT

IS USED TO EXPRESS: ABILITY, POSSIBILITY, PERMISSION
OR OBLIGATION.
HERE ARE SOME OF THEM :
CAN, HAVE TO,
WILL, COULD,
MUST, WOULD,
OUGHT TO, MIGHT
MAY,
SHOULD,
FUNDAMENTAL RULES
• THE PLACES OF SUBJECT AND THE OBJECT IN SENTENCE ARE
INTERCHANGED IN PASSIVE VOICE
• THIRD FORM OF VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) WILL BE USED ONLY
(AS MAIN VERB) IN PASSIVE VOICE
• TO CHANGE SENTENCES HAVING PRESENT/FUTURE OR PAST
MODAL INTO PASSIVE VOICE, AUXILIARY VERB “BE” OR “BEEN” IS
ADDED AFTER MODAL IN SENTENCE
PASSIVE VOICE FOR PRESENT MODALS
EXAMPLE :
ACTIVE : HE CAN OPERATE THE MILLING MACHINE
PASSIVE : THE MILLING MACHINE CAN BE OPERATED BY HIM

ACTIVE : HE CANNOT OPERATE THE MILLING MACHINE

PASSIVE : THE MILLING MACHINE CANNOT BE OPERATED BY HIM

ACTIVE : CAN HE OPERATE THE MILLING MACHINE?

PASSIVE : CAN THE MILLING MACHINE BE OPERATED BY HIM?
PASSIVE VOICE FOR PAST MODALS
EXAMPLE :
• ACTIVE : YOU SHOULD HAVE STUDIED THE BOOK

• PASSIVE THE BOOK SHOULD HAVE BEEN STUDIED BY YOU

THE FORMULA :

• POSITIVE FORM
SUBJECT + MODAL + HAVE BEEN + V3 + BY O

• NEGATIVE FORM
SUBJECT + MODAL + NOT + HAVE BEEN + V3 + BY O

• QUESTION FORM
MODAL + SUBJECT + HAVE BEEN + V3 + BY O
 EXAMPLE
Modal Concept Active Passive
Must Obligation I must finish my My homework must be
homework as soon as finished as soon as possible
possible

Prohibition We must not wear the In the class, the jacket must not
jacket in the class be worn

Has/Have to Obligation The workers have to do Their work has to be done or

their work or they will get they will get in trouble with their
in trouble with their boss boss.

Ought to Obligation (less They ought to take the The examination ought to be
formal) examination taken by them.
Modal Concept Active Passive

Should Advice You should have studied The book should have been
the book studied by you

May Permission The riders may ride on Bikes may be ridden on this
this bike path bike path by the riders

Might Permission Earlier, The riders might Earlier, bikes might have been
(past) have take bikes through taken through the streets of
the streets of Minneapolis by the riders
Minneapolis
Modal Concept Active Passive
Can ability She can play violin The Violin can be played
by her

Could Ability (in past) She could not play violin Violin could not be
when she was 5 years played by her when she
old was 5 years old
Modal Concept Active Passive
Will futurity I will grow flowers in my garden Flowers will be grown in my
this summer
garden by me this summer

Would Futurity (past) I would have grown corn last Corn would have been grown by
summer, but it take up to much
space
me last summer, but it take up too
much space
 VERB LIKE MODAL
Modal Concept Active Passive
Like to Enjoy I like to watch an action An action movie like
movie to be watched by me
Want to Desire I want to buy the car The car want to be
bought by me
Need to Necessity You really need to help us We really needed to be
helped by you
Has to/Have to Obligation Susan had to pay the rent The rent in her dinner last
in her dinner last night night had to be paid by
Susan
EXERCISE
1. CHANGE THE SENTENCE INTO PASSIVE VOICE
• WE MUST REPLACE THE BEARING.
• THEY CAN NOT BRING THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• SHOULD WE CHECK THE MACHINE?
• WE SHOULD HAVE INFORMED THE POLICE.
• THE FIRE MAY HAVE DAMAGED THE HOUSE
• OUR ENGLISH TEACHER MAY GIVE AN EXAM TODAY.