Thermodynamic & Heat

Engines

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First law for a closed system undergoing a cycle

 Heat and work are different forms of energy, which is

conserved.
 Energy which enters system as heat may leave the system as
work or energy which enters the system as work may leave as
heat.
 Consider a closed system
which consists of a known
mass of water contained in an
adiabatic vessel having a
thermometer and a paddle
wheel.
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 Let a certain amount of work W1-2 be done upon the
system by paddle wheel.
 System was initially at temperature T1 and at
atmospheric pressure.
 After work transfer, the temperature rise to T2.
 Let the insulation now be removed so that system and
the surroundings interact by heat transfer till the
system returns to the original temperature T1,
attaining the condition of thermal equilibrium with
atmosphere.
 Amount of heat transfer is Q2-1 from system to
surroundings. © 2015 UPES

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 The system thus executes a cycle, which consists of a
definite amount of work input W1-2 to the system and
followed by the transfer of an amount of heat Q2-1 from
the system.

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 It has been found that W1-2 is always proportional to the heat Q2-1
and the constant of proportionality is called Joule’s equivalent ‘J’ or
the mechanical equivalent of heat.
 If the cycle involves many more heat and work quantities, the
same result will be found.
 (Σ𝑊)cycle = J(ΣQ)cycle

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First law for a closed system undergoing change of
state
 The expression (Σ𝑊)cycle = J(ΣQ)cycle applies only to
systems undergoing cycles, and the algebraic
summation of all energy transfer across system
boundaries is zero.
 But if a system undergoes a change of state during
which both heat transfer and work transfer are involved,
the net energy transfer will be stored or accumulated
within the system.
 If Q is the amount of heat transferred to the system and
W is the amount of work transferred from the system,
the net energy transfer (Q-W) will be stored in the
system. © 2015 UPES

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 Q – W = ΔE
 If there are more energy transfer quantities involved in the
process, ΣQ – ΣW = ΔE

 The first law is a particular formulation of the principle of

conservation of energy.
 The equation does not give an absolute value of energy E,
but only change of energy ΔE for the process – however,
it can be shown that energy has a definite value at every
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state of a system and is therefore property of the system.
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Energy – A property of the system
 Consider a system which changes it state from state1 to
state 2 by following the path A and returns from state 2 to
state 1 by following the path B.
 Writing first law for paths A and B,

 The processes A & B together

constitute a cycle, for which

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 If the system had returned to state 1 from state 2 via
path C instead of path B,
which implies
 Hence, the change in energy between the two states
of a system is same, independent of the path.
 Hence, it is a point function and property of the
system.

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Specific heat at constant volume & constant pressure
 The specific heat of a substance at constant volume cv is
defined as the rate of change of specific internal energy
with respect to temperature when the volume is constant.

 The enthalpy of a substance, h, is defined as h = u + pv

 Heat transferred at constant pressure increases enthalpy
of the system.
 The specific heat of a substance at constant pressure cp is
defined as the rate of change of enthalpy with respect to
temperature when the pressure is constant.
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 Energy of an isolated system is always constant since
dQ = 0 and dW = 0.
PMM1 –
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only
gets transformed from one form to another.
 There can be no machine which would continuously
supply mechanical work without some other form of
energy disappearing simultaneously.
 Such a fictitious machine is called a perpetual motion
machine of first kind i.e. PMM1.

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Problems
 A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system
which passes through a complete cycle of four processes.
During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170 kJ.
The system completes 100 cycles per min. Complete the
following table showing the method for each item and
compute the net rate of work output in kW. [E4.3]

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 A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring loaded
frictionless piston so that the pressure in the fluid is a
linear function of the volume p = a + bV. The internal
energy of the fluid is given by U = 34 + 3.15 pV, where U
is in kJ, p in kPa and V in m3. if the fluid changes from an
initial state of 170 kPa, 0.03 m3 to a final state of 400 kPa
and 0.06 m3 with no work other than that done on the
piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and
heat transfer. [E4.5]
 A fluid contained in a cylinder receives 150 kJ of
mechanical energy by means of a paddle wheel, together
with 50 kJ in the form of heat. At the same time, a piston
in the cylinder moves in such a way that the pressure
remains constant at 200 kPa during the fluid expansion © 2015 UPES

from 2 m3 to 5 m3. Calculate ΔU & ΔH. [P4.19]

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 © 2015 UPES

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