INTRODUCTIN OF

PHARMACOLOGY
BY

Dr. SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM

M.PHARM, M.B.A, PhD

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Define and discuss basic concepts of Pharmacology

 Understand the History of pharmacology and other
therapy's
 Define drug, source of drugs and naming of drugs
 Describe the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion)
 Describe the pharmacodynamic and mechanisms of drug
actions
 Apply pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts
to patient scenarios
 Demonstrate the drug discovery and drug development
 Define and explain the various terminology used in
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 2

 TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO TITLE PAGE
DIFINITION OF HEALTH, DISEASE AND 4
1 TREATMENT
VARIOUS TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE 5
2 TREATMENT/ MEDICINE
WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY 7
3
WHAT IS DRUG 9
4
PRIMARY BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY 12
5
WHAT IS RECEPTOR 18
6
TYPES OF RECEPTOR 19
7
AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) 23
8
TERMINOLOGY ELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS 25
9
DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 30
10
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D)
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 1. DIFINITION OF HEALTH, DISEASE AND TREATMENT

HEALTH
 The World Health Organization's claim that health is “a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.

DISEASE:
 An abnormal condition of a part, organ, or system of an organis
m resulting from various causes, such as infection,
inflammation, environmental factors, or genetic defect, and char
acterized by an identifiable group of signs, symptoms, or both.

TREATMENT
 Medical care given to a patient for an disease, illness or injury.
 The application of medicines, surgery, psychotherapy
etc, to a patient or to a disease or symptom.
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 4
 2. VARIOUS TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE
TREATMENT/ MEDICINE
1. SIDDHA
2.AYURVEDIC
3. HOMOEOPATHY
4. UNANI
5. YOGA
6. CHINESE
7. NATUROPATHY
8. ACUPRESSURE
9. ACUPUNCTURE
10. MALAY TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Con…
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 HISTORY ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE
Allopathy: The system of medical
practice which treats disease by the use
of remedies which produce effects
different from those produced by the
disease under treatment. MDs
practice allopathic medicine.

Time: Early to mid 1800s-1900s

Title: Allopathic medicine emerges as

HIPPOCRATES (460B.C.-377B.C.)
the primary Western medical model
“THE FATHER OF
MEDICINE” was the Event: Allopathy is the type of medicine
first to attempt to most familiar to westerners today.
separate the practice of Allopathy is a biologically based
medicine from religion” approach to healing.
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) Con… 6
3. WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?

STUDY OF DRUGS
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 Pharmacology (from pharmakon, the Greek word for drug) is
the study of drugs (substances that produce changes in
the body) and the characterization of their:

 is the science of the interaction of chemical agents (drugs) with

living systems. It encompasses the study of the biochemical and
physiologic aspects of drug effects, including absorption,
distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicity, and specific
mechanisms of drug action..

 (Pharmacology: Study of drugs; their action on living

organisms)
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 4. WHAT IS DRUG

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine,

Medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as any

chemical substance intended for use in the

1,prevention of disease ,

2,medical diagnosis,

3,cure the disease,

4,treat the disease, and

5,enhance mental well-being.

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 SOURCES OF DRUG

 Natural products
1. http://hubpages.com/education/Where-do-
 Plants drugs-come-from-Sources-of-Drugs
 Animals 2. http://howmed.net/pharmacology/sources-of-
drugs/
 Minerals
 Bacteria and fungi 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product

 Human

 Chemical development
 Synthetic / Semi synthetic of drug
 Manipulation of genetic information

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 PLANT SOURCE

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5. PRIMARY BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY

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 PRIMARY BRANCHES PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACODYNAMICS

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6. WHAT IS RECEPTOR

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7. TYPES OF RECEPTOR

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 8. AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC)
In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the area under the
curve (mathematically known as definite integral) in a plot of concentration of drug
inblood plasma against time.

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Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 24
 9. TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS
1. PHARMACOKINETICS
The study of the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

2. DRUG ABSORPTION
The movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration.

3. DRUG DISTRIBUTION
The movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body (for
example, fat, muscle, and brain tissue) and the relative proportions of drug in the
tissues.

4. DRUG METABOLISM
The process by which the body breaks down and converts medication into active
chemical substances.

5. ELIMINATION (OR) EXCRETION

The elimination or excretion of a drug is eliminated from an organism either in an
unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.

elimination pathways:
Urine, Tears, Perspiration(SKIN), Saliva, Respiration, Milk, Faeces, Bile.
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 TERMINOLOGY ELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS
6. LOADING DOSE (OR) INITIAL DOSE
Comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to start getting the effect of
a drug.
7. VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION
The volume of distribution (Vd), also known as apparent volume of distribution, is the
total amount of administered drug would have to occupy (if it were uniformly distributed),
to provide the same concentration as it currently is in blood plasma.
Vd= A/C
A= amount of drug in the body
C= plasma concentration
8. RATE OF INFUSION
The rate of infusion (or dosing rate) refers not just to the rate at which a drug is
administered, but the desired rate at which a drug should be administered to achieve a
steady state of a fixed dose which has been demonstrated to be therapeutically
effective.
9.COMPARTMENT
volume of body fluids is distinguished from anatomic compartments.

Example : There are five major body compartments:

Blood plasma , Interstitial fluid, Fat tissue , Intracellular fluid, Tran-cellular fluid
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 TERMINOLOGY ELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS
10. BIOAVAILABILITY.
Subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged
drug that reaches the systemic circulation (blood).

11. BIOEQUIVALENCE
The relationship between two preparations of the same drug in the same dosage form
that have a similar bioavailability.
12. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE (OR ) TERMINAL HALF-LIFE
A substance is the time it takes for a substance (for example
a metabolite, drug, signalling molecule, radioactive nuclide, or other substance) to lose
half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.

13. THERAPEUTIC INDEX (TI) (OR ) ( THERAPEUTIC WINDOW

(OR ) SAFETY WINDOW (OR ) THERAPEUTIC RATIO)
A drug is the range of drug dosages which can treat disease effectively while staying
within the safety range.

14. ONSET OF ACTION

The duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon
administration.

15. DURATION OF ACTION

Therapeutics The length of time that a particular drug is effective.
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TERMINOLOGY ELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS

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TERMINOLOGY ELATED TO PHARMACOKINETICS

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10. DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

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 DRUG DISCOVERY AND APPROVAL:
PRECLINICAL RESEARCH AND PHASES 1-4

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 DRUG DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT AND
APPROVAL: THE INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE

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