harvesting wind energy in a city

MSc Christina Beller

Wind Energy Division, AED

Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Wind Energy Division, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Tel: +45 4677 5434, e-mail: cbel@risoe.dtu.dk
Content

• Introduction

• Urban Wind Turbines

• Wind Conditions

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

INTRODUCTION

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Wind Energy History

4 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

 Key Figures within Wind Energy Production
-rotor design-
The idea with a wind turbine is to transform some of the energy in the wind
in useable energy
theory
power production: maximum power coefficient:
P = ½  v3 A CP CP=16/27=0.593
in practice
maximum power coefficient small WT in the kW range have a
CP=0.5 for MW turbines maximum CP between 0.3 and 0.4.

http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/environment/energy_options.htm http://logik.dk/site/referencer/referencer-byvindmoller

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Key Figures within Wind Energy Production
-siting-
Load factor:
actual power output at specific site/ maximum rated output

Load factor ~30%-40% Load factor ~10% for small-scale

for off-shore MW turbines [1] building mounted WT and ~17% for
free standing turbines [1]

A wind field trial in UK showed, that the 57 domestic installed wind turbines
reached up to a load factor of only ~3%.

Among the monitored wind turbines, a 1.5kW building mounted wind

turbine had the maximum load factor yield with 7.4%.

[1]
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Global-Data/Publications/Location-location-location-The-Energy-Savi
ng-Trust-s-field-trial-report-on-domestic-wind-turbines

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Calculation Example
annual energy consumption
single house hold: 1800 kWh/year
2 persons: 2500 kWh/year
4 persons: 4000 kWh/year

annual energy production

a 1kW WT produces according to wind climate, positioning and design:
24h * 365days * rated power * load factor = 700kWh/year
that corresponds to ca. 200kWh/year per m2 (3.61m2 in total)
and to about 28% of the energy needs of a 2 persons house hold

a 2MW WT positioned off-shore (e.g.Middelgrund) produces approximarely:

24h * 365days *rated power * load factor = 5256000kWh/year
that corresponds to ca. 1168kWh/year per m2 (4500m2 in total)
and to about 100% of 2100 house holds with two persons

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

How should the Energy be used
public - street lamps 230V bruger
- city bikes
- fountaines
- …

private - low voltage grid (12V/24V) 230V

12V
bruger
- private power plant

generel, energy should not vanish in the grid, 230V bruger

12V

no new needs shall be invented and …

direct connection between generation

and usage shall be maintained

230V bruger 12V

8 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

URBAN WIND TURBINES

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

 Wind Energy in the Urban Environment
concept study
• Integrated in buildings structure

• Mounted on already existing buildings

• Free standing turbines

two Proven6 horizontal wind turbines, Blackpool, UK

vertical wind turbine on a flat roof, UK

10 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Example for integrated Designs
Bahrain World Trade Center in Bahrain,
designed by The Atkins

Note:
Three 29m diameter wind turbines are supposed to
deliver 11-15% of the energy needs of the
building.

www.bahrainwtc.com

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

More Examples for integrated Designs

STRATA (formerly known as Castle House)

in London, designed by BFLS (formerly
Hamilton Architects)

Note:
The three 9m diameter wind turbines are estimated
to deliver 8% of the energy needs of the building.

http://www.stratalondon.com/home

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

More Examples for integrated Designs

Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China,

designed by: SOM

Note:
Besides wind turbines in the slots, photovoltaics
are integrated (BIPVs) in the facade. They provide
about 10% of the energy consumption.

http://www.bryanchristiedesign.com/portfolio.php?illustration=576& http://www.som.com
category=37&open=

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More Examples for integrated Designs
COR in MIAMI, designed by: Oppenheim Architecture + Design

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Turbines mounted on existing Buildings
most projects were feasibility studies and were not continued

Some manufacturers made promises to customer, which they could not fulfill
 bad reputation for the branch of small wind turbines

In the end UK got pretty active in the area of small or so-called micro wind turbines

sizes range from 1 to 20m diameter and the rated power from 100W to 100kW

to get the peoples acceptance, the design has to be aesthetic and reliable

QuietRevolution, UK

vertikale møller, UK

Proven, UK

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 Free standing Wind Turbines
Use the energy for public needs
 Not necessarily connected to a building
Prevent that neighbors get irritated, while they do not
gain anything from it
 Usage should serve everybody

example Blackpool:
Spectacular lightning in the city – supported by
Lakes in Copenhagen
decentralized wind energy of two “Proven 6” turbines
positioned at coastal site, like Copenhagen

16 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Vertical axis H-rotor type
Quiet Revolution (6kW)
Manufacturer: QuietRevolution
Concept: 3 bladed lift-driven
Axis: Vertical axis
Rated Power (at 12.5m/s): 6.0kW
Diameter: 3.1m
Height: 5.0m
Swept area: 15.5m2

http://www.quietrevolution.co.uk/qr5.htm

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Vertical axis H-rotor type
Venco Twister 1000T/1000TL(1kW)
Manufacturer: Venco GODKENDT
i DK
Concept: 3 bladed lift-driven
Axis: Vertical axis
Rated Power (at 12m/s): 1.0kW
Diameter: 1.9m
Height: 1.9m
Swept area: 3.6m2

http://logik.dk/site/referencer/referencer-byvindmoller

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Vertical axis H-rotor type
Mariah Power (1.2kW)
Manufacturer: Mariah Power
Concept: 3 bladed lift-driven
Axis: Vertical axis
Rated Power (at 11.2m/s): 1.2kW
Diameter: 1.2m
Height: 6.1m
Swept area: 7.3m2

http://www.mariahpower.com/windspire-overview.aspx

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”Vertical axis” Savonius/H-rotor type
Aerotecture (1kW)
Manufacturer: Aerotecture
Concept: 2 bladed drag-lift hybrid
Axis: Tilted Vertical axis
Rated Power (at 14m/s): 1.0kW
Diameter: 1.5m
Height: 2.8m
Swept area: 4.2m2

http://www.aerotecture.com/products_520H.html

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Horizontal axis up-wind and passive yawing
proCure (600W)
Manufacturer: proCure A/S GODKENDT
i DK
Concept: 3 bladed up-wind lift-driven
Yaw Control: Passive
Axis: Horizontal
Rated Power (at 12.5m/s): 0.6kW
Diameter: 1.8m
Swept Area: 2.5m2

http://www.procure.dk/moeller.htm

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Horizontal axis up-wind and active yawing
Wind Energy Solutions (2.5kW)
Manufacturer: Wind Energy Solutions
Concept: 3 bladed up-wind lift-driven
Yaw Control: Active
Axis: Horizontal
Rated Power (at 9m/s): 2.5kW
Diameter: 5.0m
Swept Area: 19.6m2

http://www.windenergysolutions.nl/files/foto/big/tu1.jpg
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Horizontal axis up-wind
BellAIR (3W)
Concept: 2 bladed up-wind lift-driven
Axis: horizontal
Rated Power (at 7m/s): 3W
Diameter: 0.27m
Swept Area: 0.06m2

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Horizontal axis up-wind
BellAIR (3W)

Mounted on, e.g. a bike, the citizen is

cycling and generating most of the wind.
While the bike is parked and wind is
blowing, energy is produced, meant to
charge small electrical items.

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WIND CONDITIONS

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Wind Climate On-Shore

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Wind Climate in Cities
Wind inbetween and around buildings
wind profiles

H.C. Ørsteds institute

roof top, windrose

27 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

 Parametric City
-quarter classification-

[2] Badde O, Plate EJ (1994) Einfluss verschiedener Bebauungsmuster auf die windinduzierte Gebäudebelastung.
In: Abschlusskolloquium Strömungsmechanische Bemessungsgrundlagen für Bauwerke. University of Karlsruhe

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-configuration seven-

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Parametric City
-pressure distribution-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Pressure distribution on
the surface.

Red:
Areas of high pressure
indicating low velocities.

Blue:
Areas of low pressure
indicating high velocities.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-streamlines 1-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Streamlines surrounding
the obstacle.

Accelerated flow in the

entrance urban canyon,
not maintained, but lifted
up over the rear building.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-streamlines 2-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Streamlines sharply
decelerated at the facade
(high pressure).

Main parts surround the

building, loosing velocity
in the wake areas of the
array.

A small fraction flows over

the buildings roof top and
gets accelerated at the
edge (low pressure).

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-streamlines 3-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Streamlines hitting the

outstanding tower are
deflected.

Anyway, a reasonable
speed is maintained.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-streamlines 4-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Parts of the streamlines

are deflected downwards
at the tower’s façade

and get decelerated

remarkable.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-streamlines 5-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Flow over in-line obstacles

of a constant high
remains undisturbed, but
slightly lifted in height
gradually.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-stamps 1-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

First row:
High speeds due to
undisturbed inflow.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-stamps 2-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

First row:
The undisturbed flow is
deflected strongly at the
first row’s façade, forming
a speed profile on the roof
top’s front edge.

Second/third row:
Buildings inside the array
and of the same height as
their up-steam buildings
experience homogeneous
speed distributions along
the roof top

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-stamps 3-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Speed distributions above

roof level are maintained
in areas with buildings of
the same height, although
distances may vary to a
certain extend.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-stamps 4-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

Outstanding buildings:
The part of a building
higher than the up-stream
building experiences the
‘first-row’ effect.

Buildings behind them:

In wake areas the flow is
more turbulent and the
speed is very low.

The wake recovers

depending on the down-
stream situation.

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010

Parametric City
-overview-
Flow direction: α = 90⁰

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Parametric City
-meterological masts-
270

180

pole2
pole3

pole1

000

090

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark SEB'10 Christina Beller 6-may-2010

Parametric City
-meterological masts-

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark SEB'10 Christina Beller 6-may-2010

Parametric City
-meterological masts-

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark SEB'10 Christina Beller 6-may-2010

Wind Turbines in Urban Environment
• Christina Beller, Urban Wind Energy – State of the Art 2009, Risø-R-
1668(EN), October 2009

Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Grøn BIM 12-08-2010