Objectives:

• Distinguish between and among techniques in

selecting and organizing information,
• Justify the choice of a certain technique to make a
cohesive presentation,
• Describe the brainstorming process,
• Illustrate the different types of graphic organizer,
• Explain the difference between a topic and a
sentence outline,
• Make a cohesive presentation with different
graphic organizers, using data from survey.
Problem: Declining grades of Senior
High students.
 BRAINSTORMING

• It is a process of generating creative ideas and

solution through intensive and freewheeling
group discussion.
• Ralph Keeney, an emeritus
professor at Dukes Fuqua School
of Business and consultant to
multinational companies and
government organizations, said
almost everybody does
brainstorming wrong.
 What is brainstorming?
• Brainstorming combines a relaxed, informal approach
to problem solving with lateral thinking.
• It encourages people to come up with thoughts and
ideas that can, at first, seem a bit crazy.
• Some of these ideas can be crafted into original,
creative solutions to a problem, while others can spark
even more ideas. This helps to get people unstuck by
"jolting" them out of their normal ways of thinking.
• Therefore, during brainstorming sessions, people
should avoid criticizing or rewarding ideas. You're
trying to open up possibilities and break down
incorrect assumptions about the problem's limits.
4 Basic Steps in Brainstorming
By: Ralph Keeney
LAY OUT THE PROBLEM IDENTIFY THE OBJECTIVES
YOU WANT TO SOLVE OF A POSSIBLE SOLUTION

WHEN ALL ARE CLEAR,

TRY TO GENERATE
WORK AS A GROUP.
 1. Lay out the problem you want to
solve.
• According to Keeney, when dealing with a
problem, students should keep on pushing
until they come up with at least 5 alternatives,
and then, considering all of those, “identify
your objectives for your study, evaluate the
alternatives and select the best”.
2. Identify the objectives of a possible
solution.
• Knowing the goals will help making solutions
easier.
 3. Try to generate solutions
individually.
• Coming into a group brainstorming
with potential solutions reduces the
risk that participants will get bogged
down on one objective.
• This will avoid an “anchor”.
 4. When your problems, objectives
and personal solutions are clear, work
as a group.
• Avoiding an “anchor” is a challenge when
brainstorming for solutions however,
according to Keeney, if participants do their
homework, clarifying the problem, identifying
the objectives, and individually trying to come
up with solutions, a brainstorming session can
be extremely productive.
CLOCK DIARGRAM
DECISION MAKING DIAGRAM
KWHL CHART
Y-Chart
CYCLE DIAGRAM
FISHBONE DIAGRAM
FRAYER MODEL
STAR DIAGRAM
CHAIN DIAGRAM
 TOPIC OUTLINE
• Arranges your ideas hierarchically, in the sequence
you want, and show what you will talk about.
Several aspects must be considered in writing a topic
outline.
• Recall that all headings and subheadings must be
words or phrases, not sentences.
• Also, the wording within each division must be
parallel.
• Finally, as in any outline, remember that a division
or subdivision cannot be divided into one part;
therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and
if there is a "1" there must be a "2."
• I. Family Problems
A. Custodial: Non-custodial Conflicts
B. Extended Family
C. Adolescent's Age
II. Economic Problems
A. Child Support
B. Women's Job Training
C. Lower Standard of Living
D. Possible Relocation
1. Poorer Neighborhood
2. New School
III. Peer Problems
A. Loss of Friends
B. Relationships with Dates
 SENTENCE OUTLINE
• Similarly does what a topic outline does; plus, it
shows exactly what you will say about each mini-
topic.
Several aspects must be considered in writing a
sentence outline.
• If you have chosen to write a sentence outline, all
headings and sub-headings must be in sentence
form.
• As in any outline, remember that a division or
subdivision can not be divided into one part;
therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and
if there is a "1" there must be a "2."
Negative Effects of Divorce on Adolescents
• I. When family conflicts arise as a result of divorce, adolescents suffer.
A. During the first year, these young people may be depressed due to conflicts
between the custodial and non-custodial parents.
B. Grandparents, aunts, and uncles are often restricted by visitation provisions.
C. Almost without exception, adolescents find divorce very painful, but they react in
differing degrees depending on their age.
II. Some of the most negative effects on adolescents may be associated with economic
problems.
A. The family will most probably experience a lower standard of living due to the cost
of maintaining two households.
B. Some female custodial parents have poor job skills and must train before entering
the job market.
C. The lower standard of living may result in misunderstanding and conflicts within
the family.
D. The decreased standard of living, particularly for an untrained female custodial
parent, often causes relocation.
1. The family may have to move to a poorer neighborhood in order to cut costs.
2. As a result, the adolescent may have to attend a different school.
III. Adolescents from divorced families often experience peer problems.
A. Due to relocation and prejudice, adolescents may lose friends.
B. The lack of a solid relationship with both parents affects an adolescent's attitude
toward the opposite sex.