Biodiesel From Adsorbed Waste Oil On Spent

Bleaching Clay Using CaO As A Heterogeneous

Catalyst

ANASTASIA MARIA
14-2013-079
INTRODUCTION
• Vegetable oil and animal fats are found to be the best
candidates as an alternate energy source. Their direct use,
however, is limited due to two main reasons; high viscosity
and low volatility.
• Vegetable oil or animal fats are reacted with simple alcohol
to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or known as
biodiesel. There are few methods to do such conversion;
namely pyrolysis, microemulsion, and transesterification.
• Triglyceride for biodiesel production comes from various
sources; edible oil, inedible oil, waste/used oil, animal fats,
and recently from microorganisms.
• In view of this situation, incurrent work the use of waste
crude palm oil (CPO) from spent bleaching clay (SBC) is
proposed. Bleaching clay is used in palm oil refinery to
remove colouring matters, soap, gums, metals (iron,
nickel), oxidized compounds and polymers.
2.1 Materials E
Fatty acids composition of the extracted oil was analyzed by X
comparing their standards and consisted of lauric acid 0.2%, myristic P
acid 1.2%, palmitic acid 44.5%, stearic acid 3.9%, oleic acid 39.1%,
linoleic acid 9.8%, arachidic acid 0.8% and traces of other acids. E
FAME standards and internal standards were obtained from R
Sigma-Aldrich (Switzerland) and of chromatographic grade. Methanol, I
ethanol, petroleum ether and hexane were purchased from ChemAR.
M
2.2 Catalyst E
Calcium oxide (minimum 96.0% assay) was obtained from R&M N
Chemicals. The catalyst was treated in a furnace at 900 °C for 2 hours
prior the use. particle size of the catalyst was determined by
T
transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A
L
2.3 Oil Extraction
Adsorbed oil in SBC was extracted using Soxhlet set-up E
using various polar and non-polar extracting solvents; methanol, X
ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane. In each experiment, the
extraction solvent was collected and swapped with fresh solvent P
after every two solvent-cycle until there was no further increase in E
weight of extracted materials.
R
2.4 Reaction I
Transesterification reactions were performed in a 25 mL M
glass reactor with a condenser, immersed in water bath. In a typical E
reaction, 10.0 g of non-polar extracted SBC oil was added onto the
mixture of 0.6 g catalyst (calcined CaO) and 5.0 g methanol. The N
contents were refluxed under magnetic stirring. Several reaction T
parameters (methanol/oil mass ratio, catalyst amount and reaction
temperature) were studied to find out the optimum reaction A
conditions. Sample was drawn at every 10 min interval for analysis L
of methyl ester content. Then the reaction mixture was allowed to
cool, resulting glycerol to separate by gravity.
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