INCINERATTION OF WASTE

• Incineration is a controlled combustion process for

reducing solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible wastes
primarily to carbon dioxide, water vapor, other gases,
and a relatively small, noncombustible residue that can
be further processed or land-filled in an
environmentally acceptable manner.
• The incineration of solid waste involves a sequence of
steps in the primary process, which includes drying,
volatilization, combustion of fixed carbon, and burnout
of char of the solids, which is followed by a secondary
process, the combustion of the vapors, gases, and
particulates driven off during the primary process.
 REASON FOR INCINERATION
• Destruction of wastes
• Production of energy from the waste
• Didposal of hazardous wastes
 CLASSIFICATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE
• Waste Classification :
Rubbish Type
Refuse Type
Animal Solids and Organic Wastes
Hazardous Waste
Biomedical Waste
 Characterization
• heating value ( calorific value)
• moisture content
• percentage of inert material
• Inorganic materials
• Plastics
 Control Factors For Effective
Incineration
• Sufficient Temperature
Hydrocarbons- 900 – 1100 degrees
Chlorinated Solvents – 1100 – 1300 degrees
• Residence Time
Hold the waste at high temperature for
sufficient time to ensure to complete
destruction
• Turbulence
Enables waste and air to be well mixed
• Excess Oxygen
oxygen should be present at 50-100% higher conc. than is
theoretically required for decomposition
 INCINERATION OPERATION
• Calculate the destruction and removal
efficiency ( DRE= Win – Wout x 100 % )
• Check key properties
Flash point, Halogen content, Ash content,
Heavy metal content
• Assess major components through
GC, HPLC, IR Spectroscopy, AAS, Mass
Spectroscopy
 TYPES OF INCINERATORS
• Rotary Kiln
• Multiple Hearth
• Fluidized Bed
• Liquid Injection
 EMISSIONS AND FLUE GAS CLEANING
• Gas Phase Emission
• Particulate Emission
 ADVANTAGES
• Produces no methane , unlike landfill
• Renewable source of energy
• Reduces the volume of waste for final disposal
• Converts organic waste to biologically less
active forms
• Suitable for many highly flammable, volatile,
toxic and infectious waste
 DISADVANTAGES
• Costs are generally higher than landfill
• Emission contains toxic pollutants like dioxins
and dibenzofurans due to incomplete
combustion
• Some incinerators generate a liquid effluent
which may need to be treated before being
discharged
• Incineration
Double-chamber pyrolyticincinerators specially
designed to burn infectious health-care waste
• Single-chamber furnaces with static grate, used
only if pyrolytic incinerators are not affordable
• Rotary kilns operating at high
temperature, capable of
causing decomposition of
genotoxic substances and
heat-resistant chemicals.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

TREATMENT
• Treatment of hazardous chemical waste by incineration can be
successful for certain materials.
• Chemical treatment of certain hazardous wastes can transform
them to less-toxic or nontoxic materials.
Disinfection
•Chemical disinfection: used for
treating liquid waste
•Thermal disinfection: generally
used for treating solid waste

•Sterilization
Steam sterilization: autoclave
used to disinfect waste.
Microwave irradiation: uses radiant
energy to heat moisture within the
Waste
Plasma arc technology
•Operates on principles of an
electrical arc struck between two
electrodes.
•There is no burning and no
formation of ash.
• Landfill
•Open dumps : not recommended
•Sanitary landfills : Disposing of
certain types of health-care waste
(infectious waste and small
quantities of pharmaceutical
waste) in sanitary landfills is
acceptable
 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

SECURE LANDFILL
• Secure landfills for hazardous wastes are designed to confine waste with dikes
and liners and control leachate through the use of drains, pumps, and treatment.
• Though even the most secure landfills are subject to leaking, proper design,
siting, operation, and content selection can reduce the hazard.
 Common Hazardous
Waste Disposal Sites
at Bharuch, Gujarat

16
 Incinerable HW as per HWM Rules 2003
Incinerable HW in '000

180 154
160 147
140
120
Tonnes

100
80 61.4
60
40
9.3 12.6
20
0

Gujarat

Maharashtra
UP
Orissa

AP

State

Incinerable HW as per HWM Rulex, 2003

 HW Disposal
Facilities in
in Operation

Uttaranchal

Jharkhand
07 TSDF
Chattisgarh

02 TSDF
No. of sites Notified : 64
01 TSDF No. of sites Identified : 21
Status on HW Generation & TSDF in Operation in Major States
S.No. State Total HW No. of TSDF in No. of sites No. of sites
generation in operation/under notified identified
‘000 TPA construction
1. AP 507 01 02 02
2. Assam 4 - - -
3. Chandigarh 8 - - -
4. Delhi 17 Nil Nil 03
6 Goa - Nil Nil Nil
7. Gujarat 1207 07 16 22
8. Haryana 15 - 01 01
9. Himachal - - 02
10. Karnataka 92 Nil 02 02
11. Kerala 84 Nil 01 01
12. Maharashtra 1407 02 02 06
13. MP - Nil Nil 03
14. Orissa 75 Nil 01 01
15. Pondicherry 30 Nil Nil Nil
16. Punjab 16 Nil 01 01
17. Rajasthan 184 Nil 01 08
18. Tamilnadu 182 Nil 01 03
19. Uttarpradesh 82 Nil 03 05