* Secara anatomis, retina terdiri atas 10 lapisan

* (Luar ke Dalam):
1.Epitel Pigmen Retina (RPE)
2.Lapisan sel fotoreseptor
3.Membrana limitans eksterna
4.Lapisan nuklear luar (Nuklue sel fotoreseptor)
5.Lapisan plesiform luar
6.Lapisan nuklear dalam
7.lapisan pleksiform dalam
8.Lapisan sel ganglion
9.Lapisan serabut saraf (akson lapisan sel ganglion)
10.Membrana limitans interna.(10)
4 Kelompok sel
retina
1. Photoreceptor
neurons (sel rod dan
cone)
2. Conducting neurons
(sel bipolar dan
gangglion)
3. Association neurons
(sel horizontal dan
sel amakrim)
4. Supporting neuroglial
cell (sel Muller)
RPE
•Single Layer
•Cuboidal Epithelial
•In human: 4-6 million RPE cells
per aye
•Ratio Photoreceptor Cells to RPE
cells 45:1
* Characteristics RPE
Fovea Perifer
Taller, Thinner Shorter

More Melanosoms Broader

Larger Melanosoms Less pigmented

interphotoreceptor matrix
(IPM),
* important apical specialization of RPE cells is
the localization of Na+K+/Cl- cotransport
proteins
* RPE cells is the presence of receptors that
mediate binding and phagocytosis of shed
photoreceptor outer segment membranes, and
transport of vitamin A metabolites in the visual
cycle
Basal : adjacent to the Bruch membrane
supporting structure composed of organized
extracellular matrix called a basement membrane
The RPE is indeed separated from the underlying
choriocapillaris by a thick extracellular matrix called
Bruch's membrane
Adhesion between the basal surface of the RPE and
its basement membrane is stronger than that
between the apical membrane because
cell-matrix adhesion proteins called integrins
* Membrana Bruch
Membrana Bruch terdiri dari lima lapis, yang
dimulai dari yang paling dalam :

* Membrana basalis dari RPE

* Inner loose collagenous zone
* Middle layer of elastic fibers
* Outer loose collagenous zone
* Membrana basalis dari endotel koriokapiler.(10)
 RPE cells-cells
Junction
* occluding junctions (zonula
occludens or tight junctions)
* adhering junctions (zonula
adherens).
* Desmosomes (macula adherens).
There are also 'hemidesmosomes'
that lie on the basal membrane,
to help stick the cells to the
underlying basal lamina.
* Gap junctions. These are
communicating junctions. (also
known as nexus, septate junction
RPE
FUNCTION
* Visual Pigment Regeneration
* The basic function of the RPE cell in the visual
process is to generate 11-cisretinaldehyde,
which is used in the formation of rhodopsin
* THE RPE AND PHOTORECEPTOR OUTER SEGMENT
PHAGOCYTOSIS
* RPE cells play a critical role in the process of
turnover and renewal of shed photoreceptor outer
segments
* total amount of photoreceptor membrane material
processed per day may be as much as four times the
surface area of the RPE cell membrane itself
* Phagocytosis by the RPE results in the complete
turnover of the photoreceptor outer segments once
every 8 to 13 days.60
* Phagocytosis
* The phagocytic process occurs by the apical
membrane of the RPE (specific phagocytosis of
photoreceptor)
* The phagocytic load, that is, the number of
photoreceptor disks shed per day per RPE cell, was
calculated by Young to be 2000 disks per day in the
parafovea, 3500 in the perifovea, and nearly 4000 in
the periphery of the monkey eye
* estimated that the total amount of photoreceptor
membrane material processed per day may be as much
as four times the surface area of the RPE cell
membrane itself
*
* If the phagocytic capacity of the RPE is
impaired, the photoreceptor cells are unable
to renew the outer segments, and as a
consequence the photoreceptors degenerate
and die
*Transport
* The health and integrity of retinal neurons
depend on a well-regulated extracellular
environment. A crucial function of the RPE that
contributes to this regulation is control of the
volume and composition of fluid in the
subretinal space through transport of ions,
fluid, and metabolites. The distribution of
transport proteins residing in the apical.
* The active transport of a variety of ions (K+,
Ca2+, Na+, CI-,
for example, Na+ is actively transported from
the choriocapillaris toward the subretinal space,
whereas K+ is transported in the opposite
direction
* MELANIN AND LIPOFUCHSIN IN THE RPE
* RPE cells are brown in color because of the
aforementioned melanosomes that are
concentrated in the apical portion of the cell
* pigmentation of RPE cells was originally
considered to function in absorption of stray
light. function of melanin is to act as a neutral-
density filter in scattering light.
* protection against oxidative stress and
bindingand/or inactivation of toxic substances.
* melanosomes may play an active role in
aspects of RPE metabolism, and may interact
with lysosomes
* Lipofuchsin has long been thought to
accumulate in RPE cells as a by-product of
processing in lysosomes,
* The aging RPE gradually assumes a more golden
hue because of the accumulation of lipofuscin
pigment granules in the perinuclear and basal
cytoplasm
TERIMAKASIH