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KAJIAN EKOTOKSIKOLOGI
Paparan, perilaku, dan transport
Bio-akumulasi
Toksisitas
Bioakumulasi: uptake - ekskresi
Diunduh dari:
http://www.ecologyandsociety.or
g/vol11/iss1/art23/figure1.html
Bioakumulasi
Akumulasi dari semua
sumber
Air, Udara. Padatan
Biokonsentrasi: hanya
dari air
Read more:
Bioaccumulation - water,
environmental, pollutants, EPA,
chemicals, toxic, life
http://www.pollutionissues.com/A-
Bo/Bioaccumulation.html#ixzz3npXNLA
gG
Kajian bioakumulasi?
Bioaccumulation Toxicity
Prediction???
Istilah Bioakumulasi
Bioavailability: fraction
Bioaccumulation of Mercury
available When mercury falls in rain or snow, or when it falls out
Bioconcentration: uptake of the air as dry deposition, it may eventually be
from water washed into waterbodies by rain.
Bioaccumulation: uptake
from water and food
Methylmercury accumulates as you move
up the food chain:
Diunduh dari:
http://www.mercury.utah.gov/bioaccumulat
ion.htm
Istilah Bioakumulasi
Basic Mechanism of
Phytoextraction of Heavy
Metals
http://bio349.biota.utoronto.ca/2
0079/20079bio349sasha/phytoex
traction.html
Transport senyawa Kimia
Proses difusi pasif:
Dari konsentrasi tinggi menuju ke
THg and MeHg in sediments collected semi-annually from the bay and upstream canals ranged
from 5.8 to 145.6 ng/g dry weight (median was 19.9 ng THg/g) and from 0.05 to 5.4 ng/g dry
weight (median was 0.26 ng MeHg/g), respectively. Although the highest median THg
concentration occurred in sediment from the C111 Canal (115 ng/g), sediments from the
mangrove transition zone along both flowpaths also contained relatively high levels of THg.
The highest median sediment-MeHg (1.76 ng/g) occurred at the mouth of Taylor River. While
these data must be normalized based on total organic carbon (measured in later cores) before
any definitive conclusions can be reached, it was clear that sediments both from upstream
marshes and from the bay often contained elevated concentrations of MeHg. Sediments
collected from near Nest Key, for example, contained up to 1.8 ng MeHg/g, which constituted
almost 8 percent of the THg present.
Adsorption / Penjerapan
The toxicity of Cr6+ was determined in a laboratory environment in the snail Helix aspersa aspersa. The effects
on growth were evaluated on animals reared in controlled conditions at the age of one month that had been
exposed for 28 d to increasing doses of Cr6+ mixed in with their food. Two experimental groups were set up with
concentrations of chromium in the feed of 250 to 1,250 Mu g/g(test 1) and 100 to 800 Mu g/g (test 2). Growth
inhibition was dose dependent, and the mean EC50 calculated at four weeks for tests 1 and2 were, respectively,
354.7 and 298.8 Mu g/g and for the EC10 195.3 and 160.9 Mu g/g.
The levels of Cr6+ bioaccumulated in thefoot and the viscera of the snails were dose dependent in both typesof
tissues. The highest concentrations occurred in the viscera, the levels being 0.79 Mu g/g in the controls and
reaching 3,067 Mu g/g inthe animals exposed to the maximum contamination (1,250 Mu g/g).
These high levels of bioaccumulation in addition to the lower concentrations of Cr6+ excreted in the feces than
those present in the food suggest that chromium is not physiologically regulated by Helix aspersa. The results
provide added support for the use of snails as a model to determine the toxicity of substances in laboratory
biotests by measuring the effects on growth and by assessing bioaccumulation.
Langmuir
Difusi
Read more:
http://www.answers.com/topic/bioinorganic-
chemistry#ixzz3nk96spoz
Sumber:
http://www.positivehealth.com/article/weight-loss/a-
healthy-liver-and-weight-loss
Transformasi Logam
Elimination: metabolism/excretion
Depuration: untuk mencuci lingkungan
Clearance: untuk kontaminan organik
Growth dilution
Efflux
There are subtle differences among these
terms
Mekanisme Eliminasi
Ekskresi (melalui ginjal)
Urine is produced in the glomeruli and
Molting renal tubules and carried to the renal
Produksi telur pelvis by collecting tubules. The glomeruli
act as simple filters, through which water,
Hilang dalam bentuk bulu/rambut, kulit, insang salts, and waste products from the blood
Exhalation pass into the spaces of Bowman's
capsules and from there down into the
renal tubules. Most of the water and salt
is reabsorbed from these tubules; the
remainder is excreted as urine. The renal
tubules also secrete other salts and waste
products from the blood into the urine.
The average amount of urine excreted in
24 hours is about 1.4 litres (2.4 pt), but
the quantity varies considerably,
depending on intake of fluid and loss
from such sources as the skin in
perspiration, or from vomiting.
Diunduh dari:
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/j
c75/inf_2.htm
Pemodelan Eliminasi
Ct = Co*exp(-kt)
Ct = C1*exp(-k1t) + C2*exp(-k2t)
dC1/dt = k21XC2-(k10+k12)xC1
dC2/dt = k12xC1 – k21xC2
Kontrol Akumulasi
Kualitas Senyawa/Bahan Kimia
Species
Bentuk senyawa kimia
Biologis
Physiologis dan biokimia
Genetik
Ecologis
Perilaku
Kondisi Lingkungan
Temperatur, Salinitas
pH, Unsur Hara
Ketersediaan Biologis
Bebas untuk penyerapan
Bebas untuk diambil dan menyebabkan efek pada
tempat berlangsungnya proses
Kualitas Kimia-Logam : Air
This study provides an assessment of the risks to human health associated with the exposure to heavy
metals bioaccumulation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Laguna de Bay. Samples of the fish were
collected in eight sampling stations in three major areas of the lake during the dry and wet seasons. Dry
season samples were collected from May to June 2010 and wet season samples from September to
November 2010. Coordinates of sampling site locations were recorded using Global Positioning System
(GPS) and plotted in Geographic Information System (GIS) digital maps. Heavy metals analyses for
cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) were conducted using am Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and a Mercury Analyzer (Mercur-Duo).
Estimates of health risks associated with fish consumption were summarized according to non-carcinogenic
and carcinogenic health effects. Non-carcinogenic Health Quotient (NHQ) values of the five heavy metals
showed that lead is the most urgent pollutant of concern in terms of adverse health effects from risks
associated with fish consumption from all sampling locations in the lake. Among the five heavy metals only
arsenic is a confirmed human carcinogen (Class A) through the oral route of exposure.
The highest life time cancer risk for arsenic was computed from sampling station 2B (west bay) during the
dry season with risk value of 8.5x10-4 or an excess of 85 cancer cases per 100,000 population. From the
point of view of human health protection and disease prevention, the Nile tilapia from Laguna de Bay is not
fit for human consumption due to arsenic and lead contamination.
MODEL LIGAN BIOTIK
KONTAMINAN ORGANIK
1
Fase Partikel: Fito-plankton
Copepod’s gut
Diatoms
Assimilation
Asimilasi Cd dalam Copepoda
100
% Cd assimilated
80 Cd
60
40
20
r2=0.981
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Cd in diatom's cytoplasm
Asimilasi Zn dalam Copepoda
80
% assimilated by copepods
60
40
Calanus-Tp
20 Calanus-Tw
Acartia-Tp
Acartia-Tw
0
0 20 40 60 80
% in diatom's cytoplasm
Aliran Makanan melalui Saluran Pencernaan Copepoda
100
% assimilated
75
50
25 Cd
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Food Passage (h)
Pencernaan Bivalve
bivalve’s gut
Desorption
Cell breakage and cytosolic discharge
M Speed to pass the gut
Diatoms
Digestive gland
Assimilation
Assimilation in
the mussel M. edulis (Wang
& Fisher 1996)
Fase Partikel : Sedimen
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelif
ewire8e/pages/bcs-
main_body.asp?v=chapter&s=36
000&n=00010&i=36010.01&o=|
00010|&ns=0
Pengaruh Temperatur
Hubungan Alometrik
Y = a Wb (fungsi pangkat)
Y is the metal burden (without weight unit), W
is the weight
b >1
ug/g
konsentrasi
b=1
b<1
g (bobot)
Model Kinetik: Orde-zero
dC/dt = k
t
Model Kinetik : Orde Pertama
dC/dt = kC
C = Cox exp(kt)
Most typical
C
t
Model Kinetik: Orde Ke dua
dC/dt = kC2
not very common
t
Model Kinetik : Kinetika Jenuh
Vmax
km
C
Partisi Keseimbangan (EqP)
BCF = C/Cw
BCF: Faktor biokonsentrasi
water ?? organism
Food
Model Kinetik: Satu Fase
dC/dt = k1xCw – k2xC
Ct = Cw (k1/k2) [1-exp(-k2t)]
Css/Cw = k1/k2 = BCF
k1: uptake rate constant, Cw: water conc,
k2: efflux rate, Css: conc in organisms
under steady state
k1
k2
water organism
Kinetic model: Berbasis bioenergetik
water Food
Animal
Model berbasis Bio-energetik
Iw is influx rate from water
If is influx rate from food
k is efflux constant
Iw = absorption efficiency x filtration rate
x concentration in water
If = assimilation efficiency x ingestion rate
x concentration in food
Css = (Iw + If)/k
Problem tentang Model
Terlalu banyak parameter
Tidak ada nilai generik untuk setiap parameter
Implikasi Pemodelan:
Jalur paparan
Prediksi konsentrasi
Transfer Trophik
Bio-magnifikasi PCB
Konsekwensi Transfer Trofik
Biomagnification (we have to be careful about this term)
Biodiminification
Constancy
Concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Cr) were
determined in water, sediment and tissues of tilapia fish collected from
Wadi Hanifah during summer 2010.
The transfer factors of all metals in fish from water were greater than those
from sediments. This led to the conclusion that fish bioaccumulation with
these metals was from water.
Heavy metals under study in the edible parts of tilapia were within the
safety permissible level for human use.
Biomagnifikasi dalam zoo-plankton
100
Copepods Possibly
Assimilation efficiency (%)
biomagnified
80 biomagnified
60 Zn(A)
Zn(T) Se(T) Cd(A)
biodiminished
40
Cd(T) Se(A)
IR=20%
20
Co(T)
IR=60% Ag(T)
0
0.01 0.1 1
Cs(L)
CH3Hg(L) biomagnified
80
Possibly biomagnified
60 Se(L)
40 Zn(L)
Se(M)
Zn(M)
20 Cd(L)Cd(M)
Ag(M)
IR=2%
biodiminished Am(M)
IR=10%
0
0.001 0.01 0.1
80
biomagnified
IR=10%
60 Zn(C)
Cd(N)
80
Zn(B) Zn(N) Possibly
biomagnified
60
biomagnified Cs(B)
40
Gastropod
20 biodiminished
IR=2%
IR=10%
0
0.001 0.01 0.1
-1
Efflux rate constant (d )
Rataan Geometrik dalam rantai makanan benthik
8 80
Cd Cu
6 60
Concentration (g g )
40
-1
4
2 20
0 0
300
Zn
200
100
0
Phy Mus Sna
Sumber:
Kerry BC et al. 2007,
Science
13 July 2007
Pendefinisan Posisi Trophik