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(R
s =1
As - E[R A ])( R Bs - E[R B]) ps
In this case:
•VAR(RA) = 191.6, STD(RA) = 13.84, and E(RA) = 16%.
•VAR(RB) = 106.0, STD(RB) = 10.29, and E(RB) = 12%.
•COV(RA, RB) = 21
•CORR(RA, RB) = 21/(13.84*10.29) = .1475.
•VAR(RP)=84.9, STD(Rp)=9.21, E(Rp)=½ E(RA) + ½ E(RB)=14%
•Var(Rp) or STD(RP) is less than that of either component!
What risk return combinations would be possible with
different weights?
CORR(AB) 0.1475
-0.5Return in 2-asset Portfolio
Risk and
17
Asset A
16 •
Expected Return
15
½ and ½ portfolio
14
•
13
Asset B
12
•
11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Standard Deviation
What risk return combinations would be possible with a
different correlation between A and B?
CORR(AB) 0.1 -1 1
-0.5Return in 2-asset Portfolio
Risk and
17
Asset A
16 •
Expected Return
15
14
13
12
Asset B •
11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Standard Deviation
Symbols: The Variance of a
Two-Asset Portfolio
For a portfolio of two assets, A and B, the
portfolio variance is:
Portfolio Variance p = w2A 2A + w2B 2B + 2 w A wB AB
2
Or,
Portfolio Variance p = w2A 2A + w2B 2B + 2 w A wB corr ( A, B) A B
2
N
E[R p ] wi E[ Ri ]
i 1
150
CORR=1.0
100 CORR=0.5
50 CORR=0.25
CORR=0.0
0
0 20 40 60
# of Assets
Portfolio
Standard Nonsystematic risk
Deviation
Note: this level is a choice
Systematic/Market risk
25 50 Number of
securities
Diversification is costless!!
Implications of Diversification
Diversification reduces risk. If asset returns were
uncorrelated on average, diversification could eliminate all
risk. They are actually positively correlated on average.
Diversification will reduce risk but will not remove all of
the risk. So,
There are effectively two kinds of risk
Diversifiable/nonsystematic/idiosyncratic risk.
Disappears in well diversified portfolios.
Given that
some risk can be diversified,
diversification is easy and costless,
rational investors diversify,
There should be no premium associated with
diversifiable risk.
The question becomes: What is the
equilibrium relation between systematic risk
and expected return in the capital markets?
The CAPM is the best-known and most-widely
used equilibrium model of the risk/return
(systematic risk/return) relation.
CAPM Intuition: Recap
E[Ri] = RF (risk free rate) + Risk Premium
= Appropriate Discount Rate
Risk free assets earn the risk-free rate (think
of this as a rental rate on capital).
If the asset is risky, we need to add a risk
premium.
The size of the risk premium depends on the amount
of systematic risk for the asset (stock, bond, or
investment project) and the price per unit risk.
Could a risk premium ever be negative?
The CAPM Intuition Formalized
Cov(R i , R M )
E[R i ] R F [E[R M ] R F ]
Var(R M )