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Representation of
Curves
Oneil Josephs
Lecturer
School of Engineering
Curve Classification
Analytical Curves
Defined by an algebraic equation and its
coefficients.
Free-form Curves
No algebraic equation – A curve is drawn to fit the
shape of interest.
Forms of Analytical Equations
Parametric Equation
x R cos , y R sin , z 0 (0 2 )
y R x , z0
2 2
Conic Sections
The curves, or portion of the curves, obtained
by cutting a cone with a plane are referred to
as conic sections.
x R cos X c
y R sin Yc
The Ellipse
x a cos x2 y 2
y b sin 2
2 1 0
a b
z0
The Parabola
y 4ax 0
2
The Hyperbola
2 2
x y
2
2 1 0
a b
The Hyperbola
Normal and Tangent Lines
Worked Example 1
Worked Example 2
Free Form Curves
Always represented by parametric polynomial
equations.
x f t , y g t , z h t .
y a y t by t c y t d y
3 2
z az t bz t cz t d z
3 2
Free Form Curves Contd.
Vector form
x
r y
z
t 3 t 3
ax bx cx dx 2 2
r a y d y a b c d AT
t t
by cy
t t
az bz cz d z
1 1
T is called the power basis vector and A is the
coefficient matrix.
Free Form Curves Contd.
Tangent Property
Import in designing the curve.
Derived by taking the first derivative of the polynomial
equation
dr t
r t 3at 2bt c
2
dt
Vector Form 3t 2
dr dT 2t
r A A
dt dt 1
0
Free Form Curves Contd.
Curve Design
To design a curve is to determine its
coefficients.
P0 r 0 ; P1 r 1
t 0 r 0 ; t1 r 1
A Ferguson Curve Segment
Coordinates of the Points
2 3 0 1 t 3
2 3
0 0 t 2
r t AT P0 P1 t 0 t1 , 0 t 1
1 2 1 0 t
1 1 0 0 1
Tangents
2 3 0 1 3t 2
2 3
dT 0 0 2t
r t A P0 P1 t 0 t1
dt 1 2 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
Worked Example
2 3 0 1 t 3
0 t 2
0 4 1 1
2 3 0
r t 0 0 4 4
1 2 1 0 t
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1
t 3
6 9 1 0 2
0 4 4 0
t
t
0 0 0 0
1
6t 3 9t 2 t
4t 2 4t
0
Worked Example
2 3 0 1 3t 2
0 4 1 1
2 3 0 0 2t
r t 0 0 4 4
1 2 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
3 0.12
6 9 1 0
2 0.1
0 4 4 0
1
0 0 0 0
0
2.62
3.2
0
Free Form Curves Contd.
Bezier’s Curve
1 3 3 1 3t 2
3 6 3
0 2t
r t P0 P1 P2 P3
3 3 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
Worked Example
1 3 3 1 t 3
3 4 8 10
3 6 3 0 t 2
r t 0 0 0 0
3 3 0 0 t
1 4 4 1
1 0 0 0 1
t 3
5 9 3 3 2
0 0 0 0
t
t
0 9 9 1
1
5t 3 9t 2 3t 3
0
9t 2 9t 1
Free Form Curves Contd.
B-Spline Curve
Very popular because they offer more flexibility than
Bezier curves.
u ti Ni ,k u ti k u Ni 1,k 1 u
Ni ,k u
ti k 1 ti ti k 1 ti
1 t i u ti 1
Ni ,1 u
0 otherwise
Free Form Curves Contd.
B-Spline Curve
The curve based on these blending functions is called the
B-Spline curve and is expressed as:
n
P u Pi N i ,k u tk 1 u tn1
i 0
Free Form Curves Contd.
NURBS
A nonuniform rational B-spline curve