Basic Machine Processes

Competency D403.00
Identify the basic concepts of the
manufacturing processes.
 Basic Machine Processes

Objective D403.02
Explain the ANSI standards of applying
annotations to a drawing that best
describes the manufacturing process.
Hole Callouts
Section I
 How Finish Holes Are Made

The drilling of a Drilling can also be done

common drilled hole on a lathe.
is done on a drill
press.
 Drilling
Is the process
Blind
used to cut a
Hole cylindrical
hole with a
drill press and
drill bit.
 BORING
Thru
Hole

Enlarges the hole slightly

and makes it rounder
and straighter.
 Reaming

To enlarge a hole to
a more accurate
size and
surface quality.
Specialty Tools For Hole Development
ANSI Hole Identification Symbols

Diameter
Counterbore / Spotface

Countersink

Depth

Number of holes
Drill Holes - Size & Location Dimensions
ØS
Always add
dimensions for size
and location, to
profile of feature

Always locate a drill

L hole by a common
corner.
(Datum Corner)
 Dimensioning X = Number of
holes required.
Repeated Holes
4X Ø.50

Don’t forget
to provide
a space
Ø.50 .875 Blind Hole
Depth Symbol

A blind hole cuts into but

does not pass completely
through the object.

Depth For blind holes always

show a 30 degree
bevel end to represent
30° the drilling process.
Counterbore Callouts
Ø.50
Ø1.00 .38

Depth
Symbol

Counterbor
e
Symbol

Counterbore – To enlarge the

end of a drill hole to a specific
diameter and depth in order to
recess a mating part.
Ø.50 Through Holes
A through hole is one
that passes all the
way through the
object.

The word THRU

may be omitted
in the annotation
of the hole.
Spotface Callouts
Ø.50
Ø1.00

Counterbore
Symbol

Spotface – The cutting of a shallow

counterbore, usually about .0625 deep
(depth symbol is omitted). A spotface
provides an accurate bearing surface
for the underside of a bolt head.
Countersink Callouts
Ø.50
Ø1.00 X 82°

Countersink
Symbol
Angle of The
Chamfer
Drawn At
90 Degrees

Countersink – To recess a
hole with a conically (cone)
shaped tool to provide a seat for
flat head screws. (Does not need
a depth to be specified.)
Knurls
Section II
 Knurling
Common on thumbscrews and handles of to
provide a better gripping surface

Straight – parallel groves.

Diamond – crossing diagonal

groves.
Knurling
Dimensioning As
Seen
The callouts for a
1.89 .82
knurl should include
the pitch, type, and
the diameter. Ø1.25

As
Draw 96 DP
n STRAIGHT KNURL

The most commonly used diametrical pitches

(DP) are 64 DP (coarse), 96 DP (medium),
128 DP (fine), and 160 DP (extra fine).
Chamfers
Section III
 External Chamfers Dimensioning
.25 X 45°

Bevel edges OR
are normally Preferred For 45° Chamfers
.25 X .25
CHAMFER
applied to .43
cylindrical
parts.
30°

Preferred For Angles Other Than 45°

Internal Chamfer Dimensioning
Ø3.06 THRU
45° .72

Ø4.44
Fillets & Rounds
Section IV
 Fillets & Rounds
 Sharp corners are weak. They are likely to
yield cracks and other failures in the part.
 Fillets – are rounded inside corners.
 Rounds – are rounded outside corners.
Fillets and rounds are normally found
on cast, forged, or plastic parts.

Rough Cast
 Runouts

Conventional methods for representing fillets and rounds

 Conventional Edges
 If an edge has a small radius, a line should be shown.
 If an edge has a large radius, no line should be shown.
 Draw lines for edges whenever such lines make the drawing
clearer.

No Line
Surface Texture
Symbols
Section V
 Surface Texture Symbols
Finish Marks
Tells the machinist which surfaces are to be
finished or machined.
 ANSI Standard Finish Mark
(now in general use)
60°

3H
1.5H

H = Standard Letter Height For General Notes.

 Rules About Finish Marks
 Shown on the edge view
of a surface to be
finished.
 The vertex of the finish
mark should point inward
toward the solid metal.
 Position to read from the
bottom of the sheet or
from the right side of the
sheet.
 Rules About Finish Marks
It is repeated
in every view
where the
surface
appears as
a line,
including
hidden lines
and curved
lines.
Machined Casting
 Rules About Finish Marks

Finish marks are not

required for drill holes or
any other holes where
machining operations are
clearly illustrated.
 Rules About Finish Marks
 If a part is to be finished all over, omit the finish
marks.
 Letter as a general note on the drawing, such
as FINISH ALL OVER or FAO.
General note
Should be placed NOTES:
near the title
block FINISH ALL OVER.
FILLETS AND ROUNDS R.125.
BREAK SHARP EDGES.