Title Slide

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 Importance of process
 Comparative cost estimates
 Ventilation and other environmental issues

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 Design process
 Tunnel structure
 Ventilation
 Lighting
 Finishes

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 Determine number of lanes needed
 Select tunnel shape
 Determine depth required
 Analyze ground characteristics
 Select tunnel construction method

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Depth

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 Hard ground
 Soft ground
 Under water

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 Tunnel boring machines
 Road headers
 Drill and blast

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 Cut-and-cover
 Shields
 Grouting
 Ground freezing
 NATM

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 Immersed tube

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Types of tunnel ventilation systems
 Natural
 Longitudinal
 Transverse

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Eisenhower Tunnel Mont-Blanc Tunnel
USA Switzerland

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 Symmetrical
 Line of sight
 Counter-beam

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Radio rebroadcast, Ceiling Panel Lights on ceiling or wall
cell phone

Exhaust air

CCTV
Wall
CO, NOX Pavement
tile or
Monitor panel
Emergency
walkway and
egress system
Supply air Supply air

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Ted Williams Tunnel
Boston, Massachusetts

Laerdall
Norway

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 Ventilation
Length Year Vehicles/Day “Air Cleaning”
Rank Name Location (miles) Comp (x1,000) Technology
1 Laerdal Norway 15.3 2000 1 Electrostatic
precipitators;
NOx filtration;
CO-unknown

California, 11.5 TBD 110 est. TBD

2 TBD
USA
3 Zhongwanshan China 11.3 2009 Unknown

4 St. Gotthard Switzerland 10.5 1980 19 None

Road Tunnel reopened
2001

5 Arlberg Austria 8.6 1978 None

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 Ventilation
Length Year Vehicles/Day “Air Cleaning”
Rank Name Location (miles) Comp (x1,000) Technology
6 Hsuehshan China/ 8.1 2005 None
Taiwan
7 Frejus France/Italy 8.0 1980 3.3 trucks/ None
day
8 Mont-Blanc France/Italy 7.3 1965 2.5 trucks/ None
reopened day
2002

Portage Glacier Alaska, 2.5 2000 None

Highway USA
Eisenhower Colorado, 1.7 1973/ 31.1 None
Tunnel USA 1979
Hanging Lake Colorado, 0.7 1992 19.8 None
USA

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 Establish a process for reviewing tunnel
alternatives
 Insist on comparative cost estimates
 Insist on ventilation solutions as part of
all tunneling evaluations

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 Do tunnels cost more than highways and bridges?
If so, how much more?
 Is there a way to clean the air that comes out of the
ventilation building before releasing it into the
atmosphere?
 Does the air that comes out of the vent building smell?
Will I be able to see it coming out (like a smokestack)?
 How do the environmental regulators generally regard
tunnel projects – positively or negatively?
 What do you do with all the dirt and rock that’s
excavated from a tunnel project?
 ...
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