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Catalysts used: Mo/Al2O3 Co and Ni as promoters

Characterizing of crude is one of the examples of crude oil analysis. There are several type
of crudes which are Parrafinic crudes, Naphthenics crudes, Parrafinic – Naphthenic crudes,  There are several properties involving in the crude oil such as : Desulfurization
 Treat the crude oil when the total wt% is bigger than 0.5% (heavy part of the crude oil)
Aromatic – Naphthenic crudes, Aromatic – Intermediate crudes and Aromatic – Asphaltic
 Sulphur compound  Pour point  To remove the excess sulphur content in the crude oil to make it sweeter
crudes.  The most commonly use in industry are hydrodesulfurization also known as HDS.
 Nitrogen  Carbon residue
 It takes place in a fixed-bed reactor with an operating temperature from 300C to 400C with elevated pressure of 30 to 130
C5 – 95 (TBP cut point C API)  Cloud point atm of absolute pressure.
a) 69.4 %wt + 29.4 %wt = 98.8 %wt b) Paraffins > Naphthenes c)Paraffins > 40 %  The most common catalyst use is a based impregnated with cobalt and molybdenum.
Paraffins + Naphthenes > 50 % 69.4 %wt > 29.4 %wt 69.4 %wt > 40%
TBP cut point C API  The chemical reaction that take place in the desulphurization is hydrogenolysis reaction. For example :
Characteristic of the crude oil extracted at 95 C is Parrafinic crudes. Properties Light Medium Heavy C2H5SH + H2 = C2H6 + H2S
TBP cut point C API
Characteristics C5 - 95 C5 - 95 C5 - 95 149-232 232-342 342-369 369-509 509-550 550-585
C5 - 95 95 - 175 C5 - 149 95 – 175 (TBP cut point C API) Ethanethiol + Hydrogen = Ethane + HydrogenSulphide
Sulphur 0.001 0.008 0.003 0.028 0.162 0.361 0.436 0.614 0.682
Paraffins %wt 69.4 45.3 55.2 a) 45.3 %wt + 44.2 %wt = 89.5 %wt b) Paraffins > Naphthenes c) Paraffins > 40 %
Hydrodenitrogenation
Paraffins + Naphthenes > 50 % 45.3 %wt > 44.2 %wt 45.3 %wt > 40% Nitrogen 0.01 0.88 0.13 6.11 76 449 1300 893 1170  Process to remove or reduce the nitrogen content in the crude oil and also known as HDN
Naphthenes %wt 29.4 44.2 39.5
Characteristic of the crude oil extracted at 95 C to 175 C is Paraffinic crudes.
 It is very similar to the hydrodesulphurization which it bind the nitrogen with the hydrogen to create ammonia in the process.
Cloud
Aromatics %wt 1.2 10.5 5.3 - - - - -13 14 - - -  The most common catalyst use for this process are nickel or aluminium oxide.
C5 – 149 (TBP cut point C API) point
n – Paraffins %wt 27.8 19.8 23.7  This process is to prevent the nitrogen from poisoning the catalyst in the next process of refining.
Pour

a) 55.2%wt + 39.5 %wt = 94.7 %wt b) Paraffins > Naphthenes c) Paraffins > 40 %
Naphthalenes %vol - - - Paraffins + Naphthenes > 50 % 55.2 %wt > 39.5 %wt 55.2 %wt > 40%
point
- - - - -13 14 36 - - The general equation for this process are as follow:
Characteristic of the crude oil extracted at 149 C is Parrafinic crudes. Carbon - R3N + 3H2 = 3RH + NH3
- - - - - 0.0413 1.01 2.62
residue -
Hydrotreatment
There is only Naphthalenes value at 149 C to 232 C. So, the medium • For reducing heteroatom (S, N, O) concentrations to the desired levels in the reaction products and aromatics while enhancing
crude oil at this temperature cannot be characterized due to lack of cetane number, density and smoke point.
TBP cut point C API information of Paraffins, Naphthenes, Aromatics and n – Paraffins
Characteristics Properties Light Medium Heavy • The light products such as LPG and naphtha have low concentrations of sulphur and require minimal treatment, such as absorption in
149 – 232 232 - 342 342 - 369 values.
Paraffins %wt - - -
alkaline solvents (e.g., H2S or mercaptan sulphur) or conversion of mercaptans to sulphides to eliminate odour.
Naphthenes %wt - - -
At 342 C to 369 C there are no values of Paraffins, Naphthenes, <0.5 wt% <0.5 wt% >0.5 wt% • Catalyst: Pt, Pd, Ni on supports (SiO2, Al2O3 ).
Aromatics, n – Paraffins and Naphthalenes. So, there are no Sulphur (Hydrogen addition)
Aromatics %wt - 23.4 - characteristic of crude in medium crude oil at this temperature.
Contains little sulphur Contains little sulphur Contains large amount of sulphur
n – Paraffins %wt - - -
Naphthalenes %vol 0.8 6.7 - Same goes to the medium crude oil at 232 C to 342 C, there are Contain undesirable amount of nitrogen Contain undesirable amount of nitrogen Hydrogenation
only have values of Aromatics and Naphthalenes. So, the medium
Nitrogen
Contain desirable amount of nitrogen >0.25 wt% >0.25 wt%  Adding hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons to stabilize petroleum products and aromatic reduction.
crude oil at this temperature cannot be characterized due to lack of
.
information of Paraffins, Naphthenes and n – Paraffins values.
after slightly increase the amount Cause poisoning to catalyst used Cause poisoning to catalyst used  Application of hydrogenation: to saturate unstable olefins and di-olefins that are implicated in producing gums (high-
Corrosion like H2 blistering Corrosion like H2 blistering molecular-weight Sticky semi-solid material) during the storage of fuels, such as gasoline and jet fuel.
Hence, there are no characteristics of crude in medium crude oil The temperature at which a cloud or  Catalysts used: metals nickel, platinum, and palladium and their oxides. For high-pressure hydrogenations, copper chromite
Cloud The temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appears when the The temperature at which a cloud or and nickel supported on Kieselguhr (loose or porous diatomite) are extensively used.
TBP cut point C API point haze of wax crystals does not appears oils is cooled under prescribed haze of wax crystals does not appears
Characteristic
369 - 509 509 - 550 550 - 585 For the heavy crude oil, there are no values in Paraffins, Naphthenes, conditions Hydrodemetalation
Aromatics, n – Paraffins and Naphthalenes at the temperature 369 C
Paraffins %wt - - -
to 585 C.
• The addition of a metal hydride to a multiple bond is called hydrometallation, and it leads to the formation of a metal-carbon bond:
Naphthenes %wt - - - Pour Does not contain any paraffin and Contains lower amount of paraffin and Contains higher amount of paraffin and M−H + H2C=CH2 → MH2C−CH3
Aromatics %wt - - - So, there are no characteristics of crude in heavy crude oil. point aromatics content higher amount of aromatics content lower amount of aromatics content •Purposes:
n – Paraffins %wt - - - i. As a pre-treatment operation to remove metals (mostly nickel and vanadium) to protect the catalysts in subsequent conversion
Naphthalenes %vol - - - Have no tendency to form carbon Have no tendency to form carbon Have tendency to form carbon deposits
reactions
Carbon deposits under high temperature deposits under high temperature under high temperature condition in an
residue condition in an inert atmosphere condition in an inert atmosphere inert atmosphere
ii. For removing metals in petroleum fuels to prevent corrosion in furnaces and toxic emissions from combustion engines.
(no carbon residue) ( no carbon residue) (Present of carbon residue)

Catalysts used: Mo/Al2O3 . Co and Ni as promoters

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