Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 322 – Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics

Lect 27b

Jet Aircraft Propulsion

 Aircraft Propulsion
• Thrust produced by increasing the kinetic
energy of the air in the opposite direction
of flight
• Slight acceleration of a large mass of air
– Engine driving a propeller
• Large acceleration of a small mass of air
– Turbojet or turbofan engine
• Combination of both
– Turboprop engine

2
 Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines

Turboprop Turbofan
Small commuter planes Larger passenger airliners

Turbojet
high speeds

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 The Turbojet
Ideal Turbojet

Pressure drop with

acceleration

Ram effect - pressure rise

with deceleration

a-1 Isentropic increase in pressure (diffuser)

1-2 Isentropic compression (compressor)
2-3 Isobaric heat addition (combustion chamber)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (turbine)
4-5 Isentropic decrease in pressure with an increase in fluid velocity (nozzle)

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 The Turbojet with an Afterburner

The turbine exhaust is already hot. The afterburner reheats

this exhaust to a higher temperature which provides a higher
nozzle exit velocity

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 Turbojet Irreversibilities

Isentropic efficiencies
- Diffuser
- Compressor
- Turbine
- Nozzle

Fluid Friction effects

- Combustion chamber

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 The Turbojet Model
First Law analysis of the components in the cycle
Q in  m  h3  h 2  Combustion is replaced with a
heat transfer

Wt  m  h3  h 4 
Wc  m  h 2  h1 
Wnet  0  Wt  Wc

Air is the working

fluid throughout the
complete cycle

Va2 V12 V42 V52

ha   h1   V1 Va h4   h5   V4 V5
2 gc 2 gc 2 gc 2 gc
Va2
 h1  h a   V5  2 gc  h4  h5 
2 gc

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 Turbojet Performance
There is no net power output of the turbojet engine.
Therefore, the idea of net power and thermal efficiency are not
meaningful. In turbojet engines, performance is measured by,

• Propulsive Force (Thrust)

– The force resulting from the velocity at the nozzle exit
• Propulsive Power
– The equivalent power developed by the thrust of the
engine
• Propulsive Efficiency
– Relationship between propulsive power and the rate of
kinetic energy production

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 Turbojet Performance
Propulsive Force (Thrust) Propulsive Power
The power developed from the
in (a) exit (5) thrust of the engine

 mV   mV  Wp  FVaircraft
F    
 c exit
g  c in
g
m 
m Wp   V5  Va   Va
F  V5  Va   gc 
gc
In this equation, the velocities are
relative to the aircraft (engine).
For an aircraft traveling in still air,

Vaircraft  Vin  Va

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 Turbojet Performance – Efficiencies
Overall Efficiency  overall  thermal  propulsive
Kinetic energy
mair  ke5  kea  production rate
Thermal Efficiency  thermal 
m fuel  HVfuel  Thermal power
available from
Propulsive Efficiency the fuel
Propulsive power

Wp  m / g V  V V 2 V5  Va Va

 propulsive   air c 5 a a 
mair  ke5  kea 

mair 2
V5  Va2  V5  Va V5  Va 
Kinetic energy 2 gc
production rate
2Va 2
  propulsive  
V5  Va V5 / Va  1

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 Turbojet Example
Given: A turbojet engine operating as shown below
Find:
T3  1400 K (a) The properties at all the
PR  11 state points in the cycle
(b) The heat transfer rate
P0  26 kPa
T0  230 K in the combustion
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
m  25 kg/s
chamber (kW)
c  0.85 t  0.90 (c) The velocity at the
nozzle exit (m/s)
d  1.0 (d) The propulsive force
0
n  1.0
(lbf)
(e) The propulsive power
developed (kW)
(f) The propulsive
efficiency of the engine

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
m  25 kg/s
c  0.85 t  0.90

d  1.0
0
n  1.0

Note: An array position of [0] is

allowed in EES!

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
m  25 kg/s
Strategy: Build the property table c  0.85 t  0.90

first. This will require some

d  1.0
thermodynamic analysis. Consider 0
n  1.0

each component in the cycle.

Diffuser
 V02   V12 
m  h0    m  h1  
 2 g c   2 g c 

V02
h0   h1
2 gc

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
Compressor m  25 kg/s
c  0.85 t  0.90

h1  h2 s d  1.0
c  0
n  1.0
h1  h2

Turbine
h3  h 4
t  wt  wc
h3  h 4 s

Combustion Chamber

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa

Nozzle m  25 kg/s
c  0.85 t  0.90

d  1.0
0
n  1.0

At this point, the property table is complete!

3

2 4
2s 4s

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
Now, we can continue with m  25 kg/s
c  0.85 t  0.90

the rest of the thermodynamic

d  1.0
0
n  1.0
analysis.

Combustion Heat Transfer Rate Nozzle – Exit Velocity

 V42   V52 
Q in  m  h3  h 2  m  h4    m  h5  
 2 g c   2 g c 

V52
h 4  h5 
2 gc

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
m  25 kg/s
Now the propulsive c  0.85 t  0.90

parameters can be calculated, d  1.0

0
n  1.0

m
F V5  Va 
gc
Wp  FVaircraft  FV0
Wp
 propulsive 
mair  ke5  ke0 

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 T3  1400 K

Turbojet Example P0  26 kPa

PR  11

T0  230 K
V0  220 m/s P5  26 kPa
m  25 kg/s
Solution (Key Variables): c  0.85 t  0.90

d  1.0
0
n  1.0

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 Turbojet Example – Analysis
How is the energy input to this engine distributed?
P5  26 kPa
Qin  24,164 kW T5  719.5 K
V5  986 m/s
m  25 kg/s excess thermal energy transfer
Q out  m  h5  h 0   12, 617 kW  52.2% 

kinetic energy production rate

m  kenet   V52  V02   11,548 kW
m
 47.8% 
P0  26 kPa 2
T0  230 K Wp  4, 213 kW 36.5%
V0  220 m/s
m  25 kg/s
m  keexcess   7,335 kW  63.5%

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