|


A Glimpse At The Future


 



O
G refers to the third generation of
developments in wireless
technology, especially mobile
communications,
G systems are
referred to as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
(UMTS) in Europe and International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000
(IMT2000) worldwide.
O The immediate goal is to raise
transmission speeds from 9.5K to
2M bit/sec.
O A few technologies are able to fulfil
the International Mobile
Telecommunications (IMT)
standards, such as CDMA, UMTS
and some variation of GSM such as
EDGE.

 




O
G utilizes 5 megahertz channel carrier width for
data transmission and reception. The allowed radio
spectrum band is provided by the ITU under the
International Mobile Telephone-2000 (IMT-2000)
O The IMT-2000 proposed specifications include
global roaming, and speeds for data transport equal
to 144 kbps for vehicular transmission,
4 kbps for
pedestrian traffic, and two Mbps for fixed indoor
use.
O The basic principle of
G is pretty much similar to
that of 2G i.e. Base station links individual
G
enabled devices (laptops mobile phones and PDAs)
through radio signals. Base stations provide
coverage to a certain geographical area known as a
cell. The cells need to be overlapped to avoid
disconnections in case of roaming mobile devices.
O Radio waves used by
G technology have a slightly
higher frequency than that of 2G, resulting in a
smaller cell size (less coverage). Moreover if a
certain geographical area, covered by a cell, gets
crowded by third gen. devices then the size of cell
shrinks further. Hence the masts must be
overlapped in a way that they offer minimum
interference between their neighbouring cells and
provide best coverage.
O The
G technology allows speed as fast as 2Mbps
for stationary and
4kbps for mobile systems.
Future promises by third generation technology
include faster speeds and international roaming
between different
G operators.





 
O IMT-2000 provides six radio interfaces for
G services
O DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
O UWC-1

(EDGE)
O TD-CDMA (Time-Division, code division multiple access) / TD-
SCDMA
O CDMA2000
O CDMA2001
O W-CDMA
£




O Enhanced multimedia (voice, data, video,

and remote control)
O Usability on all popular modes (cellular
telephone, e-mail, paging, fax,
videoconferencing, and Web browsing)
O Broad bandwidth and high speed
(upwards of 2 Mbps)
O Routing flexibility (repeater, satellite,
LAN)
O Operation at approximately 2 GHz
transmit and receive frequencies
O
G users are expected to have greater
capacity and improved spectrum
efficiency, which will allow them to
access global roaming between different

G
 

O Expensive input fees for the

G service licenses
O Numerous differences in the licensing terms
O Expense of
G phones
O High prices of
G mobile services in some countries,
including internet access
O Current lack of user need for
G voice and data
services in a hand-held device
O
G chips use an excessive amount of energy. * One
of the main reasons why apple chose to run the
Apple iPhone on a WiFi network as well as AT&T
Edge network.
 



Welcome To The Future





O —

 m The 4G systems are intended to provide high
quality video services providing data transfer speeds of about
100 Mbps.
O  
m The 4G technology offers transmission speeds of
more than 20 Mbps and is capable of offering high bandwidth
services within the reach of local area network (LAN) hotspots,
installed in airports, homes and offices.
O ë



m The existence of multiple standards for
G made
it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. There is
therefore a need for a global standard providing global mobility
and service portability so that the single-system vendors of
proprietary equipment do not bind the customers.
O ? m Rather than being an entirely new standard, 4G
basically resembles a conglomeration of existing technologies
and is a convergence of more than one technology.
|
!

O As seen in the figure, the next generation network is
expected to be a combination of existing and
advanced technologies with seamless handovers
between technologies irrespective of the
geographical location, having high data rates, high
capacity, high quality of service and low costs.
O The 4Gnetwork hierarchy is expected to consist of
four broad levels of networksm the personal
networks the local networks, the cellular networks
and the satellite based networks (distribution
networks).
O As a result of this multilevel hierarchy, the 4G user
devices will be expected to perform vertical
handovers as well as horizontal handovers.
Horizontal handovers will take place within one
network level and may include soft handovers and
hard handovers. On the other hand, vertical
handovers will be performed between different
network levels.
O User devices, e.g. a laptop that is using WLAN to
communicate with servers within office premises,
would perform a handover to the cellular network
(e.g. EDGE, CDMA) when moving out of the office
complex. Thus, 4G user devices would be intelligent
devices that would be able to work with different
wireless technologies and also would be able to
select the appropriate technology to make use of a
particular service by performing handovers.
—
 
  

 
O 

O The 4G systems are expected to provide bandwidths higher than 20
Mbps and to accommodate a significantly increased amount of traffic,
so sufficient frequency resources will be required.
O Since the lower frequency band considered suitable for mobile
communications is heavily used, a frequency band for the 4G
communications is to be proposed in the
G to 5G bands.
O £


O As planned, the bandwidth the bandwidth to be offered in 4G systems is
three orders of magnitude greater than that of 2G systems.
O 4G systems may be operated in a higher frequency band so that
propagation loss of the wireless signal is higher than that of 2G and
G
systems. The increase in propagation loss caused by the operating
frequency and channel speed can be converted into a decrease in cell
radius (assuming the antenna height to be (2
m) if other transmission
conditions are assumed to be the same as those of
G systems.
"#$
O OFDM is a digital modulation technique in which one time symbol waveform and thousands of
orthogonal waves are multiplexed, which is good for high bandwidth digital data transmission.

Parallel
To
Serial

Bit (IFFT)
Stream

*
*

£%

O OFDM is a special form of multicarrier modulation (MCM) scheme, where a single data stream is
transmitted over a number of lower data rate subcarriers. OFDM is actually a combination of both
modulation and multiplexing.
O In ODFM the signal itself is first split into independent channels, modulated by data & then re-
multiplexed to create the ODFM carrier.
O The independent sub channels can be multiplexed by FDM, called multicarrier transmission, or
can be based on CDM, called multimode transmission.

  

O 4G architecture uses technologies such as the Ethernet ( 02.

) for wired access, Wi-Fi
( 02.11b) for wireless LAN access and WCDMA (the physical layer of UMTS) for cellular
access, and is IPv
based.
O The multiple network functions can then be listed asm
O physically supporting the mobility of the terminals and multiple technologies;
O guaranteeing planned QoS levels to specific traffic flows;
O supporting interoperator information interchange for multiple-operator service provision;
O realising appropriate monitoring functions for providing information to the service operator
about network and service usage;
O implementing confidentiality both on user traffic and on network control information;
O entities involved in the architecture.
£

   
O Each administrative domain containsm

O An AAAC system;
O At least one network access control entity;
O The QoS broker (QoSB).
O From the diagram it is observed that the major entities involved in the
architecture arem
O Mobile terminal (MT)m the user terminal from where the user accesses the
subscribed services;
O Access router (AR)m the MT point of attachment to the network;
O Wireless Gateway (WG)m when there is an AR for wireless access;
O QoS brokerm the entity responsible for managing one or more ARs and
controlling user access and access rights according to the information provided
by the AAAC system;
O AAAC systemm the authentication, authorisation, accounting and charging
system, responsible for service level management (including accounting and
charging).
£


 

 
O There are three major limitations/challenges
in 4G networksm
O Mobile station
O Wireless network
O Quality of service
x

O Unfortunately, the current software radio technology is not completely
feasible for all wireless networks due to the following problemsm
O It is impossible to have just one antenna and one LAN to serve the
wide range of frequency bands (i.e. to cover all the bands of all 4G
networks). One solution could be to use multiple analogue parts to work
in different frequency bands. This certainly increases the design and
complexity and physical size of a terminal.
O The existing analogue to-digital converters (ADC) used in mobile
stations are not fast enough. The GSM requires at least 17-bit
resolution with very high sampling rates. To provide such a bit
resolution, the speed of the fastest current ADC is still two or three
orders of magnitude slower than required.
O In order to allow real-time execution of software-implemented radio
interface functions, such as frequency conversion, digital filtering,
spreading and de-spreading, parallel DSPs have to be used, thereby
increasing the circuit complexity and high power consumption and
dissipation.
è



O The Issues arem

O Wireless Network Selection
O Network Infrastructure
O Security and Privacy
O Fault Tolerance and Survivability
O Personal Mobility
w  

O —




O This applies to jitter, throughput and error rate. Network
resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely
influences.
O ?




O This describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction
and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be time-
sensitive while others cannot tolerate any packet loss.
O £


O This includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls. It
depends primarily on a network¶s ability to establish and maintain
the end-to-end circuit.
£ 
O The mobile technology though reached only at
G now, 4G offers us to provide with a
very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over
various network including internet which uses IP network. The 4G system which will
be implemented in the coming years are a miracle in the field of communication
engineering technology. At this point, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a
one size fits all category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about
everyone.