Licuefacción de Suelos en

Obras de Infraestructura

Experiencia de
Terremotos Recientes en
Chile
Christian Ledezma, PhD
Profesor Asociado
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
cledezma@uc.cl
Agradecimientos
• Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

• GEER (http://www.geerassociation.org/)

• CONICYT

• Mis colegas y alumnos …

2
Outline
• Algo sobre nuestro Departamento

• Definiciones y procedimientos fundamentales

• Efectos de la licuefacción de suelos
• Potenciales alternativas de mitigación

3
School of Engineering facts
• QS RANKING: 1st in Chile, 4th in
Latin America, 137th in the World

• 4 Engineering Courses accredited

by ABET International.

• 241 Research Projects and 150

indexed ISI publications within
the last year.

• 130 full time professors where

94% are PhD.

• 215 part-time professors where

27% PhD

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Department of Structural and
Geotechnical Engineering – Our
people

20 full time professors

12 part-time lecturers
32 MSc Students
36 PhD Students

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Infrastructure
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
Infrastructur
e: Structural
and
Geotechnical
Engineering

JICA Frame: Reaction

Frame which has two
horizontal hydraulic
pistons 50tons each and
one vertical of 75 tons.
Applications: pseudo-
dynamic wall specimens.

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Moog Shake Table: Platform
which generates 6-DOF
displacements. It is able to
reach 260mm horizontally
and 180mm vertical. It can
reach accelerations up to
0.6g and take up to 1ton.

1 DOF shake table:

Unidirectional shake table
able to deliver 4ton
horizontal force, 50cm
displacement and 1g
acceleration
Fig: 1 DOF Shake Table

Fig: Moog Shake Table

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Reaction Wall: L-
shaped wall with 5m
length, 5m width and
5m height is able to
perform dynamic tests
in conjunction with its
three dynamic
actuators 60T/30T

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Test Floor: 10m by 10m
and 1m thickness. Tie
down points on a 0.5 x
0.5m grid. It has been
used as support and
reaction points for
frames and different
tests.

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Some of our
instrumentation

Data acquisition Load cells traction Load cells compression

The School of
Engineering counts
with a wide range of
instrumentation and Displacement sensors
Hydraulic pistons Hydraulic pumps
equipment to perform
a variety of tests and
academic projects.

Accelerometers Schmidt hammer

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 Geotechnical Lab
Available testing devices:
• Standard triaxial and direct shear tests
• Cyclic triaxial
• Resonant column and torsional shear
• Unsaturated triaxial and oedometric cells
• Axis translation technique
• Relative humidity loop control technique
• High pressure triaxial cell (4 MPa)
• Bender element
• On triaxial sample small-strain measurement
Professors
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & NUMERICAL SIMUL ATION
José Luis Almazán
PhD Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Research Interests
 Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation, Tuned
Mass Dampers.
 Structural Health Monitoring
 Fluid-Structure Interaction in Civil Engineering.
Juan Carlos de la Llera
PhD UC Berkeley

Research Interests
 Structural modeling
 Structural dynamics
 Reduction of structural vibrations Experimental and analytical development for
 Seismic risk base-isolation systems

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Diego López-García
PhD University at Buffalo

Research Interests
 Structural Dynamics
 Earthquake Engineering
 Random Vibrations Seismic Response of Nonstructural
Components in Multistory Buildings
 Structural Control

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Professors
CONCRETE, STEEL, MASONRY & WOOD DESIGN
Matías Hube
PhD UC Berkeley

Research Interests
d d
 Reinforce Concrete Design
 Finite Element Modeling of
d
Reinforced Concrete
 Bridge Engineering
Finite Element Modeling of
Reinforced Concrete

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Hernán Santa María
PhD University of Texas, Austin

Research Interests
 Seismic design of buildings and bridges
 Design of reinforced concrete, masonry and
timber structures
 FRP for structural strengthening and repair Strengthening with FRP, timber
 Seismic vulnerability of structures construction, bridge response

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Rodrigo Jordán
PhD U.Texas, Austin

Research Interests
 Seismic Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Elements
 Non Linear Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
 Code Development

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Cristián Sandoval
Doctor UPC. Spain
Testing and numerical modeling of
buckling behavior
of masonry walls

Numerical analysis of
Mallorca Cathedral, Spain

Research Interests
 Experimental analysis
 Numerical analysis of masonry
structures (mainly heritage buildings)
 Mechanical characterization by means
of NDT

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Pablo Guindos Bretones
PhD, U. de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Research Interests
 Development of seismic-resilient mid-
rise timber construction.
 Mid-rise timber buildings
 Seismic protection of timber structures
 Fire and smoldering of wood products
 Heat and mass transfer in timber
structures

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Professors
BIOMEDICAL AND MATHEMATICAL ENGINEERING
Daniel Hurtado
PhD Caltech

Research Interests
 Computational (Bio)Mechanics
 Multiscale Material Modeling
 Continuum (Bio)Mechanics
 Numerical Simulations in Biomedical
Engineering
EKG Simulation – Electrophysiology of the heart

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Sergio Gutiérrez
PhD Carnegie Mellon U.

Research Interests:
 Structural Optimization
 Homogenization
 Calculus of Variations Optimal Design by Homogenization
applied to Inverse Problems and
 Inverse Problems
Structural Optimization

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Professors
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Christian Ledezma
PhD UC Berkeley

Research Interests
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Earthquake Engineering
 Soil-structure interaction
Liquefaction Effects
 Liquefaction Effects on the Built Environment on the Built Environment

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Carlos Ovalle
PhD Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France

Research Interests
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Experimental Soil Mechanics
 Tailing dam Geotech Mechanical
Comportamiento
Behavior of
mecánico
Granularde
Fills
depósitos granulares
 Unique soils

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Esteban Sáez
PhD ECP, France

Research Interests
 Computational Geomechanics
 Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical
problems
 Constitutive modeling
 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Macroscale Modeling of coupled
THM Geotechnical problems

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Professors
GEOSCIENCES
Gonzalo Yañez
PhD Columbia U. Geosciences
Co-seismic deformation, 27F,
2010
Inter-seismic cycle

Research Interests
 Seismotectonics & Geodynamics
 Tectonomagmatic processes
 Georesources Exploration
Tectono-magmatic model for
 Geophysical Numerical modeling GOD’s emplacement in the
Andes

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Gloria Arancibia
PhD Geology Universidad de Chile

Research Interests
 Structural Geology
 Microstructural analysis
 Isotopic geochronology 0.5 mm

 Geological modeling of ore deposits

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
José Cembrano
PhD Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University

≈
106 m
Research Interests
 Andean Tectonics ≈
103 m
 Strike-slip faults
10-2 m
 Tectonics and volcanism ≈
Strike-slip faulting at various
 Fractures and fluid flow scales: Andean case studies

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Carlos Marquardt
PhD Geology U. Toulouse III - PaulSabatier

Research Interests
 Exogenous geological processes
 Mining and exploration geology
 Ore mineral deposits geological models

Geological 3D Models

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Jorge Crempien de la Carrera
PhD University of California, Santa Barbara

g rafa
Topo
ción
Eleva
to
amen
d e Bas
ción
Eleva

Research Interests
 Ground motion simulation in complex 3D basins
UCSB, Scenario: M6.2, SS, R=50 km, NOCAL

 Ground motion prediction equations for Chile -1

10

 Simulation of stron ground motion for subduction,

Sa (g)
-2
10

intermediate-depth and crustal earthquakes

-3
10
Mean of 4 NGA Models
Acceptance Criteria

0.01 0.1 1 10
Period (sec)

© DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Licuefacción de Suelos en
Obras de Infraestructura

Experiencia de
Terremotos Recientes en
Chile
Christian Ledezma, PhD
Profesor Asociado
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
cledezma@uc.cl
Definiciones
y Procedimientos

37
 Definiciones y
procedimientos
• Transformation of a
granular material from a
solid to a liquefied state
as a consequence of
increased pore-pressure
and reduced effective
stress (Marcuson, 1978)
• What Happened To This
Car.mp4

(After Youd, 1992)

38
39
(Ishihara, 1985)

40
Definiciones y
procedimientos

0.6 0.8 1.0

Bray y Sancio (2006)
wc/LL

41
Definiciones y
procedimientos

Boulanger e Idriss (2006)

42
Definiciones y
procedimientos
• Factor de Seguridad

43
Definiciones y
procedimientos
Amax (PGA)

44
Definiciones y
procedimientos

0.25

0.2

E S F UE RZO DE C O RTE
0.15

� �
0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

-0.25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TIEMPO (segundos)

(Seed et al., 1975)

45
Definiciones y
procedimientos

46
Definiciones y
procedimientos http://www.aot.state.vt.us

47
Definiciones y
procedimientos

48
Definiciones y
procedimientos
www.lmmg.cl

49
Definiciones y
procedimientos

50
Definiciones y
procedimientos

http://www.masw.com/Hardware.html

51
Definiciones y
procedimientos

(Kayen et al., 2013)

52
Efectos
de la licuefacción
de suelos
Nota: recomiendo revisar el reporte de 2003 de Seed et al.:
http://www.anniekammerer.com/resources/Paper-
downloads-liquefaction/eerc_2003_06.pdf

53
54
55
Asentamientos

56
57
Asentamientos
(Tokimatsu & Seed, 1984)

(Ishihara & Yoshimine, 1985)

58
Asentamientos

59
Efectos de Licuefacción
Falla de Flujo

60
Falla de Flujo

61
Falla de Flujo

62
 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.00
0.00
SPT en Muro
CONO en Muro 2.00

4.00
5.00

6.00

8.00 S-1
S-5
10.00 10.00
ENSAYO 1
C-5
12.00

14.00
15.00

16.00

18.00

20.00 20.00

25.00

63
 0 10
SPT
20
en cubeta
30 40 50
0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00
S-2
S-3
S-4
10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

64
Falla de Flujo

65
Perfil inicial entre
Etapa puntos
Etapa 1
2
finalde referencia
4-3
Reyes, 2016
67
Lateral Spreading y
Pile-Pinning

68
Lateral Spreading y
Pile-Pinning

69
70
71
MIDAS GTS NX FLAC

Moments Moments

Liquefied areas Liquefied areas

72
Lateral Displacement

73
74
Barrueto et al., 2016/2017

75
Barrueto et al., 2016/2017

76
Potenciales
Alternativas de
Mitigación

77
Prof. Anne Lemnitzer

78
Prof. Anne Lemnitzer

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Prof. Anne Lemnitzer

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