Digital Graphics

By Daniel Whitwham
 Pixels
“Pixels shortened for pixel elements, are what make a image or picture. Each image will contain more or less pixels than each other, for example higher
resolution images will contain more pixels than a lower resolution image, this is because it has taken more pixels to create the image because it will be more
complex. In digital imaging a pixel meaning dots has a element that is a physical point in a raster image, this means that a pixel is the smallest controllable
element of a picture that is represented on a screen. Mobile phones have majorly increased over years with higher resolution camera’s such as IPhone,
Samsung and the Google Pixel which is one of the best mobile phones for camera’s. The Google Pixel was made to have a high resolution camera, the
phone has a 12.3mp (Mega pixel) camera which is a very high resolution. Video games have also increased over the years with consoles such as Xbox and
PlayStation. For example before these consoles were even a thing, the only games that would be available would be arcade games like Pacman, Donkey
Kong and Mario. In recent years the quality of games has been getting higher and higher every year such as games like Grand Theft auto 5, Forza Horizon
and Call of Duty. Grand Theft auto 5 has a 4k resolution however Pac man only has a 16 x 16 pixel size. The best way to game is on a PC because you can
buy better graphics cards that will increase the number of pixels and give you a better resolution, the best one at the moment is 4k gaming. However obviously
the better the graphics card the more expensive, graphics cards can cost about £500.00 – £1,000. The intensity of a image can be shown for a particular
place in a image, for most images the pixel values range from 0 which is black and 255 which is
white.”
 Raster Images
“In computer graphics a raster image meaning bitmap is a image that “represents a rectangular grid of pixels”, or points of colour which would be viewed from a
monitor, paper or other display objects. When you capture a photo using a digital camera you create a bitmap image, a bitmap graphic is composed of many tiny
pixels which are often in different colours however it is possible to edit each individual pixel. Bitmap images have a large file size due to how many pixels will be
in every single image. One of Bitmaps disadvantages is that when you enlarge a image it will tend to loose quality. Raster images are used in many different
software's such as Photoshop, Coral draw, paint and more. There is a type of compression technique called Lossy, which is a technique that stores images
under a JPEG format file. The problem with using the Lossy compression technique is every time you open a Lossy image there is a risk of loosing your data as
the image is broken down. However this depends on the compression rate.”
GIF
A GIF is a lossless image file that supports both animated and still images.
BMP
A BMP is a file format also known as bitmap that is a file or device independent on bitmap.
TIFF
TIFF that stands for Tag Image File Format is a well known file format that exchanges raster graphics between different software.
JPEG
A JPEG is most frequently used for the standard method of lossy compression of photographic images.
Vector Images
“Vector Graphics is the creation of digital images through a set number of commands, that places lines and shapes in a chosen two dimensional or three
dimensional space. When vector graphics are zoomed in the quality of the image is the same which means it won’t pixelate. The most common piece of
software used with vector images is Adobe Illustrator. Adobe Illustrator can be used in many different ways such as using drawings to eventually create a
vector image which would be nice and crisp. In other words Adobe Illustrator is a program both used by artists and graphic designers to create vector images.
Often the images that are created are used for company's logo’s, promotional uses or even personal work, both in print and digital form. Adobe Photoshop is
often used before Adobe Illustrator this is because you can start of with a simple graphic which is a raster image and then modify it with different colours,
filters and adjusting the scale of the image, then you can move onto Adobe Illustrator with the same image however it will be now a vector image, and you
can make the image more crisp and better looking. EPS image files meaning Encapsulated Postscript Vector Graphics is a file format which are usually used
in vector images used in Adobe Illustrator, finally an EPS file format can consist of both text and images.”
Bitmap Vs Vector

This is a zoomed in bitmap image on This is a zoomed in bitmap image on

Photoshop with the resolution at 300 pixels per Photoshop with the resolution at 72 pixels per
inch (the higher the resolution the better the inch (the lower the resolution the worse the
quality of the image). quality of the image).

This is a zoomed in Vector image

on Illustrator, Illustrator doesn’t
have a resolution because vector
is the highest quality image you
can have because it is crisp with
no pixels.

This is text in Illustrator and there are no This is text in Photoshop this looks nice when you are
pixels, this is one of the best features in not zoomed in but when you zoom in it looks pixelated
Illustrator because everything looks nice that’s why most people combine illustrator and
and crisp. Photoshop to produce work.
Bit depth
“In digital audio Bit Depth is the use of pulse code modulation and the number of bits of information that is in each sample, this exactly connects to the
resolution of each sample. A bit depth of 16 has a resolution of 65,536 outcomes and a bit depth of 24 has a resolution of over 16 million different outcomes, in
other words the higher the bit depth the higher the resolution. “When an audio file is created it has to be encoded as a particular file type. Uncompressed audio
files are made when high quality recordings are created”. High Quality audio will be created as a PCM which means Pulse Code Modulation and stored in a file
format such as WAF or AIFF. Each sample of Bit Depth represents the amplitude of a digital signal at a specific point in time, the amplitude is stored as either
an integer or a floating point number and encoded as a binary number.”
sampling is the number of bits used to describe each sample and what is transmitted per second in the bit rate. Bit depth in graphics means the quality of a
image. For example you could take a photo on a digital camera then transfer it onto a computer then print it out.
Colour Space
Colour space is an abstract model which describes the range of colours and tuples of numbers, typically as 3 or 4 values or
colour components. The image processing toolbar is a software that represents colours as RGB values, either directly or
indirectly, where the colourmap is stored in a RGB format. Other colour models describe colours by the hue saturation and
luminance and intensity. “A colour model is a system for creating all different types of colours from a small set of primary
colours, there are two types of colour models additive and subtractive, Additive colour models use light to display colour,
while subtractive colour models use printing inks”.
RGB
RGB refers to a system that represents colours that can be used on a computer display. For example red, green and blue
can be combined to obtain any colour in the visible spectrum.
YUV
YUV is a colour space that is typically used as part of a colour image pipeline. The YUV is a colour model that is used in the
PAL and SECAM composite colour video standards.
Greyscale
Greyscale is an image made up of colours of black and white with grey to create a black and white effect, however on the
colour space the different shades of grey are placed together with the colours red, blue and green to create the grey scale
effect.
CMYK
CMYK is a subtractive colour model that is used in colour printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself.
CMYK refers to four different inks which are Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Key (black.)
HSV
Hue saturation and value (HSV) is a colour model that is often used instead of RGB. HSV can also be called HSB which
means Hue Saturation and Brightness.
Image Capture
“Image Capture is the process of obtaining a digital image from a vision sensor such as a camera. Usually this happens with a hardware interface known as a
frame grabber, which captures single frames or video, this changes the analogue and gives the result into the computer memory. You can capture a image on
various different types of technology such as a smart phone or digital camera, digital camera’s often have the highest performance for taking photographs,
however the sharpness of the photograph depends on the camera lens or optics. The resolution that is the most popular is 256x256. Over the last 20 years
Digital Cameras have been constantly growing and improving because they are the best for taking high quality photographs. The majority of all graphic
designers use digital cameras to capture photographs and edit on photoshop. File storage is used for saving documents and work which is protected through a
hard drive or memory card, file storage is very important because without it you wouldn't be able to save anything to a computer. For example if you took
photographs then uploaded them to a computer and deleted all the photo’s from the camera you would have just lost all your photo's because you wouldn’t be
able to save them.”
Optimising
Optimising means to maximise efficiency and speed in retrieval storage and execution. You can optimise file sizes to compress the document and make the
file smaller, you can do this for example on word if you want to edit photo’s by selecting the compress pictures button on the pictures toolbar.
Resolution
Resolution is the quality of an image. The higher, the number of the resolution, the better the quality and sharper the image.
Dimensions
Dimensions are measured in length and width. The dimensions of a image vary depending on the way it is used. If an image was going to be used in a
magazine then it would be measured in dots.
Bit Depth
Bit depth basically means the amount of bits of colour that has been used to create an image. See slide 6 for information.
Target Destination
Target destination means where I would use an image. For example on the internet, websites, portable devices or mobile phones.
Sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/dida/graphics/bitmapvectorrev1.shtml

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z7vc7ty/revision/3